Abstract：Fruit firmness is one of the important indicators of the quality of fresh grapes (Vitis vinifera), which greatly affects the commercial and market value of grapes. The structure and composition of cell walls are important factors leading to differences in grape fruit hardness. The cellulose synthase/cellulose synthase like (CesA/Csl) superfamily is a key enzyme involved in the synthesis of cellulose and hemicellulose in plant cell walls, which has a potential impact on fruit hardness. However, the grape CesA/Csl superfamily has not been systematically identified. In this study, to investigate the expression patterns of the grape CesA/Csl superfamily in different hard and soft meat grape varieties, bioinformatics methods were used to identify the genes of the grape CesA/Csl superfamily at the whole genome level. A phylogenetic evolution tree was constructed and the physicochemical properties, gene structure, and variety expression characteristics of the genes were analyzed. The results showed that there were 67 members of the grape CesA/Csl family, which were unevenly distributed on 15 chromosomes; Phylogenetic tree analysis showed that grape CesA/Csl members were divided into 6 subgroups, which were relatively conservative in evolution; The proteins encoded by members of this family were mainly distributed on the plasma membrane, with an amino acid length of 128~1 406 aa; The transcriptome analysis results showed that there were significantly differentially expressed CesA/Csl genes in the mature fruits of hard and soft meat grapes, which might be a key gene leading to differences in fruit hardness. In addition, there were significant differences in the expression of VvCesA4 and VvCslB5 at different developmental stages of the same variety, which might regulate the hardness changes during fruit growth and development. Through qRT-PCR and correlation analysis of fruit hardness among different varieties, it was found that VvCesA4 may negatively regulate fruit hardness, while VvCesA2 and VvCesA6 might positively regulate fruit firmness. Based on the above results, it could be found that the CesA/Csl superfamily plays different regulatory roles in grape hardness differences. This study provide theoretical basis for further exploring the mechanism by which the CesA/Csl superfamily regulates grape fruit firmness.
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