Salt- and drought-induced ring finger protein (SDIR) plays an important role in abscisic acid (ABA)-mediated plant stress response, and SDIR is rarely reported in soybean (Glycine max). In this study, the candidate gene GmSDIR1 was screened and cloned from soybean by co-expression analysis of transcriptome sequencing data and weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA). It was located on chromosome 11, with a full-length coding region of 825 bp, belonging to C3H2C3 type RING finger protein. Subcellular localization showed that GmSDIR1 protein was localized in the nucleus. The expression pattern analysis showed that GmSDIR1 gene was expressed in true leaf, cotyledon and stem tissues of soybean and had spatial and temporal expression specificity. High salt (NaCl), drought (PEG6000), abscisic acid (ABA) and low temperature (4 ℃) stress treatments could significantly induce the expression of GmSDIR1 gene.Phenotypic analysis showed that tobacco (Nicotiana tobacum) overexpressing GmSDIR1 gene was tolerant to high salt stress, and the heterologous expression of GmSDIR1 promoted seed germination, root length elongation and fresh weight increase of seedlings, and improved the antioxidant capacity of transgenic tobacco. The results of qRT-PCR showed that the expression of GmSDIR1 in transgenic tobacco was significantly activated under high salt stress, which indicated that GmSDIR1 might be involved in the regulation of plant response to salt stress. This study provides an important experimental basis for further analysis of the molecular mechanism of soybean GmSDIR1 gene regulating plant high salt stress response.

As a plant hormone, strigolactones has a regulatory effect on cotton fiber development. This study utilized cotton (Gossypium) ovule culture technology to optimize the ovule culture system. 15 μmol/L strigolactone (GR24) and 0.1, 1, and 5 μmol/L Tis108 were added to treat cotton ovules to screen for Tis108 concentrations that inhibit fiber elongation and explore the effects of strigolactone and its inhibitors on ovule quality and fiber length; Using qRT-PCR to analyze the expression of the β-carotene isomerase D27 gene (D27) in cotton fibers on 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, and 30 d, which was involved in the synthesis pathway of lactone. The results showed that: 1) In 30 d cotton fibers, compared with the control group, treatment with 15 μmol/L GR24 increased cotton fiber length by 2.07 mm, and treatment with 5 μmol/L Tis108 decreased cotton fiber length by 2.22 mm; 2) Compared with the control group, the 6 Gossypium hirsutum D27 gene members showed higher expression levels and differential expression in fibers treated with GR24 on 5 d at different stages; 3) Fibers from 6 periods (5, 10, 15, 20, 25, and 30 d) in the island cotton field environment, 6 GbD27 genes showed different expression characteristics among the fibers. The expression of GbD27-4 gene was more significant in the fibers on 5 and 10 d. This study preliminarily explored the in vitro culture conditions of cotton ovules, screened suitable concentrations of strigolactones inhibitors, and found that the D27 gene was significantly expressed in the early stage of fiber development, provides a theoretical basis for further research on the molecular biology function of cotton D27 gene.

The MYB transcription factors constitute one of the largest families of transcription factors in plants and are extensively involved in plant growth and development as well as the biosynthesis of various secondary metabolites. To explore the regulatory function of MYB transcription factors in the biosynthesis of proanthocyanidins in Rosa hybrida, this study used R. hybrida 'Violet' as the experimental material and isolated RhMYB23 (GenBank No. PQ441876) from its petals. The ORF of RhMYB23 was 771 bp and encoded 256 amino acids. Multiple sequence alignment and phylogenetic analysis revealed that RhMYB23 had a conserved R2R3 domain and was most closely related to Arabidopsis thaliana AtTT2 (transparent testa 2). Expression pattern analysis revealed that RhMYB23 was predominantly expressed in R. hybrida petals. RhMYB23 was localized in the nucleus and possessed transcriptional activation activity. Transient overexpression of RhMYB23 in R. hybrida petals significantly increased the accumulation of proanthocyanidins (P<0.05) and significantly upregulated the expression of key genes involved in proanthocyanidin biosynthesis, RhANR (anthocyanin reductase) and RhLAR (leucoanthocyanidin reductase) (P<0.001). These results suggested that RhMYB23 in R. hybrida might positively regulate proanthocyanidin synthesis. This study reveals the crucial regulatory role of RhMYB23 in proanthocyanidin biosynthesis in R. hybrida, offering theoretical support for R. hybrida flower color improvement.

Rosa hybrida boasts immense ornamental, edible and commercial value, but abiotic stress seriously affects its production efficiency. Strigolactones (SLs) are closely related to plant stress resistance, and exogenous application of the SLs analog GR24 (rac-GR24) can alleviate stress damage in roses, but the key gene information of endogenous signal transduction still needs to be enriched. In this study, the RhMAX2-like gene (GenBank No. PQ097003) was cloned by RT-PCR using the Rosa hybrida 'Carola' as the material. Bioinformatics was used to analyze its physiological and biochemical characteristics; qRT-PCR was used to analyze the expression patterns of RhMAX2-like gene in different tissues and under different conditions. The results showed that the RhMAX2-like gene had 2 202 bp nucleotides and encoded 733 amino acids, yielding a protein with a relative molecular mass of 81.633 kD and an isoelectric point of 5.29. RhMAX2-like harbored a typical F-box/LRR-repeat conserved domain and belonged to the F-box leucine-rich repeat protein family. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that RhMAX2-like clusters with MAX2 proteins. The protein interaction network indicated that RhMAX2-like interacted with proteins such as D14 within the SL signal transduction pathway. Examination of expression patterns across different tissues revealed that the RhMAX2-like gene was expressed in all tissues of R. hybrida, with the highest expression level observed in the roots. The expression of the RhMAX2-like gene was repressed by exogenous GR24 application, and the expression level exhibited a negative correlation with the GR24 treatment concentration, indicating that RhMAX2-like was subject to negative feedback regulation by exogenous GR24. Under 20% PEG6000 simulated drought and 200 mmol/L NaCl simulated salt stress, the expression of the RhMAX2-like gene was markedly upregulated. This study simulated the impact of exogenous application of 0.5 μmol/L GR24 on the phenotype and endogenous RhMAX2-like expression in R. hybrida under drought and salt stress conditions. The results indicated that 0.5 μmol/L GR24 could effectively ameliorate the phenotypic damage inflicted by drought and salt stress in R. hybrida. Over time, RhMAX2-like dynamically modulated its expression to maintain a balance between endogenous and exogenous SL levels. Thereby enhancing R. hybrida's resistance to salt and drought stress. In conclusion, this study elucidated the alleviating effects of GR24 on abiotic stress in R. hybrida, along with the expression dynamics of RhMAX2-like. The study provides theoretical support for further deciphering the strigolactone signal transduction pathway and to offer a novel candidate gene for the development of stress-resistant germplasm resources in rose under drought and salt stress conditions.

Pakchoi (Brassica rapa ssp. chinesis) also referred to as small bok choy, this variety belongs to the category of Shanghai white cabbage renowned for its robust resistance to heat, cold, and pests, coupled with its straightforward cultivation techniques. Histone demethylase (HDM) is one of the epigenetic factors, which participates in regulating the transcriptional expression of genes by adjusting the level of histone methylation modification. Therefore, in this study, a total of 33 BrcHDM gene members were identified, including 4 B. rapa ssp. chinensis lysine-specific demethylase 1 (BrcLSD1) genes and 29 B. rapa ssp. chinensis JmjC domain-containing histone demethylases (BrcJHDM) genes, were identified by homologous comparison based on the genome data of pakchoi. Chromosomal localization, phylogenetic tree, conserved structural domains and gene structures as well as promoter cis-acting elements were analyzed; The phylogenetic tree analysis and chromosomal localization analysis indicated that the BrcHDM proteins in B. rapa var. chinensis were classified into the LSD1 subfamily and the JHDM subfamily. These proteins were unevenly distributed across 10 chromosomes. Analysis of conserved domains revealed that the BrcHDM proteins harbored the PLN02529, PLN03000, PLN02976, and PLN02328 domains, respectively. Gene structure analysis showed that the genes within the BrcHDM family contained 1 to 25 exons. Specifically, the members of the LSD1 subfamily had 1 to 8 exons, while the members of the JHDM subfamily had 2 to 25 exons. Analysis of cis-acting elements in the promoter region indicated that the number of stress-related cis-acting elements in the promoters of BrcHDM genes was generally greater than that of hormone-related and growth-and-development-related cis-acting elements. At the same time, based on the transcriptome data of high-temperature stress, it was found that BrcJMJ1/13/26 were the candidate genes for high-temperature response of pakchoi, and BrcJMJ26 might have been the main BrcHDM gene that formed the difference in heat resistance between high-temperature resistant 'PC-fu' and sensitive 'JP20' cultivars. Subcellular localization analysis showed that BrcJMJ13 was localized in the nucleus. The results of qRT-PCR showed that the expression of BrcJMJ1/13/26 increased with the extension of high temperature treatment. This study provides important candidate histone methylation modification factors for the cultivation of high-temperature resistant pakchoi.

Jasmonic acid plays an important role in regulating active ingredient synthesis in response to abiotic stress in licorice (Glycyrrhiza sp.). MYC is a key transcription factor of the jasmonic acid signaling pathway, which is involved in regulating the expression of downstream genes in response to jasmonic acid in plants. In this study, bioinformatics methods were used to analyze the MYC gene family of licorice and to analyze its expression pattern in different tissue. At the same time, the correlation between the expression of MYC genes and the changes in the jasmonic acid content of licorice under drought stress was also analyzed to understand the key MYC genes involved in the response to abiotic stress in licorice. The results showed that there were a total of 28 MYC genes in the 3 licorice species, including 10 in G. uralensis, and 9 each in G. glabra and G. inflata. Based on the phylogenetic relationships, they were classified into 4 subfamilies, with similar gene structures and conserved motifs in the same subfamily. The MYC genes with high homology in 3 species of G. glabra were at similar sites on the chromosome and had similar expression characteristics, GuMYC2b, GiMYC2 and GgMYC2 were highly expressed in the whole plant of licorice, GubHLH14b, GibHLH14b and GgbHLH14b were mainly expressed in the root. 10% PEG6000 simulated drought stress treatment of G. uralensis showed that the changes in the expression levels of GuMYC2b, GubHLH14a and GubHLH13a genes in the underground parts had a similar trend of changes with the content of jasmonic acid and were induced to be expressed by exogenous spraying of jasmonic acid, and the drought stress also promoted the accumulation of jasmonic acid content. The results suggested that these genes may be the main MYC genes regulated by jasmonic acid in response to abiotic stress. The present study provides a research basis for the next step in the breeding of stress-resistant licorice and the study of the mechanism of stress resistance.

Transaldolase (TAL) plays an important role in plant growth. In order to investigate the growth relationship between TAL gene and D. officinale, in this study screened a significantly differentially expressed gene DoTAL1 was screened from the transcriptome database of D. officinale with growth-promoting effects that inoculated with Epulorhiza in the early stage. The DoTAL1 gene was cloned and functionally studied. The results showed that the full-length cDNA sequence of the DoTAL1 gene was 1 323 bp, encoding 440 amino acids, and it was classified as a member of the triosephosphate isomerase superfamily. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the DoTAL1 protein had the closest evolutionary relationship with the homologous TAL protein of D. nobile. Subcellular localization studies showed that DoTAL1 was located in the cell membrane and chloroplasts. The height of the N. benthamiana overexpressing DoTAL1 was significantly higher than that of the control. After DoTAL1 was silenced, the growth of the Nicotiana benthamiana was slowed down. DoTAL1 was expressed in all tissues of D. officinale, with the highest expression during the vigorous growth period of stem. Its expression was upregulated after establishing symbiosis with Epulorhiza sp. in roots. The expression level of DoTAL1 was positively correlated with plant growth, indicating that DoTAL1 played a critical role in the growth and development of D. officinale. This study provides a theoretical basis for elucidating the metabolic mechanism of DoTAL1 and for the application of mycorrhizal fungi in the cultivation and molecular breeding of orchid plants.

Elucidating the regulatory mechanisms of plant secondary metabolites and their associated genes under drought stress is fundamental for enhancing crop resistance and improving yield. Kaempferol is a flavonoid compound widely present in plants, and the mechanisms by which it promotes plant growth and development as well as induces plant stress resistance remain to be studied. This study conducted differential metabolite analysis on the rhizosphere metabolites of Scutellaria baicalensis under monoculture and intercropping conditions, and performed transcriptome sequencing on S. baicalensis samples, the results showed that the growth performance of S. baicalensis under intercropping was significantly higher than that under monocropping. Metabolomic profiling identified significantly elevated levels of kaempferol as a key differential secondary metabolite. Transcriptomic analysis further pinpointed the microtubule-associated protein WVD2-like 4 as markedly upregulated. Tissue-specific expression analysis revealed that WVD2-like 4 was highly expressed in the stems and roots of the understory Cajanus cajan. Subsequent studies revealed that WVD2-like 4 functions as a microtubule-stabilizing protein, and Kaempferol promoted microtubule rearrangement by enhancing WVD2-like 4 transcriptional expression. WVD2-like 4 acted as a positive regulator of root growth, promoting root elongation and enhancing drought tolerance in C. cajan. This research provides novel insights into mining drought-resistant genes from understory plants and unravels the mechanism by which kaempferol regulates microtubule dynamics to enhance drought resistance in understory vegetation.

The Qinghai-Tibet plateau (QTP) cattle (Bos taurus) is a rare local genetic resource of cattle in China plateau region due to its unique geographical environment and numerous breeds. To analyze the paternal genetic diversity and phylogenetic relationship of QTP cattle, this study integrated the whole genome re-sequencing data of 77 male QTP cattle and scanned the single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and insertions/deletions (INDELs) in the single-copy gene region of the X-degenerate region of the Y chromosome. A total of 2 672 Y-SNPs and 712 Y-INDELs were identified. Based on Y-SNPs, 30 Y-SNPs haplotypes of QTP cattle were defined in this study, among which hap10 was the dominant haplotype, accounting for 16.88%. It was found that QTP cattle belonged to 6 Y haplogroups/sub-haplogroups (Y1, Y2A, Y2B, Y3A2, Y3B1 and Y3B4), among which Y2B (59.74%) was the main haplogroup, individuals of QTP cattle were mainly concentrated in the Y2B haplogroup. The analysis based on Y-INDELs was also consistent with Y-SNPs. The haplotype diversity of Y-SNPs in the QTP cattle population was 0.973±0.006, and the nucleotide diversity was 0.237±0.046. This study confirmed that QTP cattle had 6 paternal origins, including 3 taurine cattle (B. taurus taurus) and 3 indicine cattle (B. taurus indicus) paternal origins, clarified the high paternal genetic diversity of QTP cattle. This study provides a theoretical basis for the protection, development and utilization of QTP cattle.

Imprinted genes play key roles in embryonic and placental development, animal growth, and the process of disease development. Imprinted genes are usually found in clusters on the genome. The WW domain-containing oxidoreductase (WWOX) gene is located 2.97 Mb upstream of the CDH13-GSE1 imprinted region on chromosome 18 in cattle (Bos taurus) and encodes a WW domain-containing oxidoreductase. To analyze the imprinting status of the WWOX gene in cattle, in this study, the imprinting status of the WWOX gene in tissues (heart, liver, spleen, lung, kidney and brain) and placenta of wild type and somatic cloned cattle was first analyzed using SNP-based approach. Based on a SNP locus (A/G, rs380382156) on exon 7, the WWOX gene was found to be biallelic expression in wild type bovine tissues and monoallelic expression in the placenta. WWOX gene was identified as a paternally imprinted gene in the placenta by analyzing the parental genotypes. WWOX gene also showed biallelic expression in the tissues of cloned cattle, whereas in the placenta of cloned cattle it showed biallelic expression. Methylation status was subsequently examined in the heart, lung and placenta of wild type and cloned cattle. There was a differential methylation region (DMRs) found on intron 4 of the WWOX gene in the placenta, while it was hypermethylated in the heart and lung of wild type cattle. In cloned cattle, the WWOX gene exhibited a hypermethylation state across multiple organs (heart, lung, and placenta). The absence of its differentially methylated region suggested that DNA methylation participates in regulating the placenta-specific imprinted expression of this gene in wild-type cattle, while the aberrant methylation in the placenta of cloned cattle led to the disruption of this imprinted expression. This study provides a theoretical basis for further analyzing the role of imprinted genes in epigenetic reprogramming of donor nuclear in cloned animals and improving cloning efficiency.

Oleate has a significant promoting effect on adipogenesis, however, the exact mechanism of action is not clear. In order to investigate the effect of the addition of exogenous oleic acid on adipogenesis of the bovine (Bos taurus) stromal vascular fraction (SVF) cells and its specific mode of action, oleate was found to significantly promote adipogenesis by Oil Red O staining in this study. The results of qPCR and Western blot detection showed that, compared with the control group, the expression of adipogenic differentiation markers genes—peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) and CCAAT/enhancer binding protein α (C/EBPα) showed no significant changes in mRNA and protein levels, but the expression of lipogenic genes downstream of PPARγ, fatty acid-binding protein 4 (FABP4), diacylglycerol acyltransferase 2 (DGAT2), fatty acid transport protein 1 (FATP1), and perilipin 1 (PLIN1), was significantly increased at both mRNA and protein levels. PPARγ is a ligand-activated transcription factor, Therefore, oleate was speculated to serve as a ligand for PPARγ. The polarization value (mP) was found to decrease with increasing oleate concentration by ligand competitive binding assay, with a trend similar to that of the positive control rosiglitazone. The above results suggested that oleate acted as a ligand to activate PPARγ, which in turn promoted adipogenesis. This study provides some theoretical basis for the study of high-grade marbleized beef.

As the main economic animal in the Qinghai-Tibet plateau of China, the development of Tibetan sheep (Ovis aries) population is limited due to its weak reproductive ability, low conception rate and low pregnancy rate. Therefore, it is of great significance to study the problems related to Tibetan sheep reproduction. This study was designed to investigate the effects of naringenin (NAR) on proliferation, apoptosis and estradiol (E₂) synthesis of granulosa cells (GCs) in Tibetan sheep. The primary GCs of Tibetan sheep were collected and cultured in vitro to logarithmic growth phase, different concentrations of NAR (0, 5, 10, 15 and 20 μmol/L) were added to culture GCs for 12 h. qPCR and Western blot were used to detect the expressions of genes and proteins related to proliferation (PCNA, CCND1), apoptosis (Bcl-2, BAX, Caspase-3) and E₂ synthesis (CYP19A1, CYP17A1, CYP11A1, STAR). The proliferation of GCs was detected by CCK-8, and the apoptosis of GCs was detected by immunofluorescence. The concentration of E₂ in the culture medium was detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The results showed that adding 10 μmol/L of NAR significantly up-regulated the expression of CCND1 mRNA (P<0.05). And the expressions of proliferation-related proteins (PCNA, CCND1) in NAR treatment groups were significantly higher than those of the control group (P<0.05). The expressions of genes and proteins of BAX and Caspase3 in the treatment groups decreased significantly (P<0.05). The expression levels of E₂ synthesis-related genes and proteins (CYP11A1, CYP17A1 and CYP19A1) in the 10 μmol/L NAR treatment group rose significantly (P<0.05), while those of STAR mRNA and protein decreased significantly (P<0.05). In summary, NAR of 10 μmol/L promoted the proliferation of GCs and inhibited their apoptosis by up-regulating PCNA, CCND1, Bcl-2 mRNA and down-regulating BAX and Caspase3 protein expression; E₂ was synthesized and secreted by up-regulating CYP11A1, CYP17A1, CYP19A1 and down-regulating STAR mRNA and proteins. This study provides a foundation for further study on the effects of NAR on functions of mammalian ovaries and improvement the animal reproductive potential.

Eschericha coli is the main pathogen causing diarrhea in piglets (Sus scrofa domesticus), Huanglian-jie-du decoction (HLJDD) can be used to prevent and control E. coli diarrhea in livestock and poultry. However, whether it can act on the pathogenic bacteria and reduce their pathogenicity has rarely been reported.This study aimed to investigate the effect of HLJDD on the pathogenicity of E. coli in diarrheic piglets. A total of 32 anal swab samples were collected from piglets with diarrhea, and bacterial isolation, culture, biochemical and molecular biological identification, and virulence gene detection were performed. Potential pathogenic strains were selected for pathogenicity analysis in mice (Mus musculus), drug sensitivity tests, and antibiotic resistance gene detection. Based on this, HLJDD was used for in vitro intervention, with its MIC determined using a two-fold dilution method, and qPCR was employed to assess the effects of HLJDD on the virulence and antibiotic resistance genes of pathogenic strains. Finally, the impact of HLJDD intervention on mouse survival rates was explored through pathogenicity tests. The result showed that a total of 21 bacterial strains were isolated from the collected samples, and biochemical identification and 16S rRNA gene testing showed that all isolates were E. coli. Virulence gene detection indicated that only 3 isolates carried the high pathogenicity island (HPI) iron-repressible protein 2 (irp2). One strain carrying the irp2 gene was randomly selected for pathogenicity testing in mice, revealing that this strain was pathogenic with an LD₅₀ of 4.4×10⁶ CFU. Further testing showed that this pathogenic strain was resistant to 9 antibiotics, including penicillin, tetracycline, and erythromycin, and carried β-lactam and tetracycline resistance genes temoneira beta-lactamase (TEM) and tetracycline resistance protein A (tetA). The intervention results of HLJDD showed that its MIC against pathogenic bacteria was 250 mg/mL. Further qPCR results showed that HLJDD intervention could significantly inhibit the expression of irp2, TEM, and tetA of the pathogenic bacteria, and reduce the mortality rate of the pathogenic bacteria in mice, prolonging their survival time. This study provides a reference for the prevention and treatment of diarrhea in piglets and lays the foundation for the development of new antimicrobial drugs.

Ciprofloxacin (CIP) and chloramphenicol (CAP), as commonly used veterinary antibiotics, persistently accumulate in the environment and pose significant ecological risks by potentially enhancing microbial resistance and threatening ecosystem and public health. In this study, a strain SMX capable of simultaneously degrading CIP and CAP from fermented silkworm (Bombyx mori) excrement was isolated, and identified as Phytobacter diazotrophicus through whole-genome sequencing. Then the process conditions for degrading antibiotics by strain SMX were optimized, the degradation efficiency of antibiotics was analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and the toxicity of the degradation solution to bioindicator bacteria was evaluated. Results showed that, the optimal conditions for strain SMX to degrade CIP were CIP initial concentration of 2.5 mg/L, 30 ℃, pH 8.0, and 3% inoculation amount, the optimal conditions for strain SMX to degrade CAP were CAP initial concentration of 10 mg/L, 30 ℃, pH 7.0, and 3% inoculation amount. HPLC analysis revealed that after being treated with strain SMX for 72 h, the degradation efficiencies of CIP and CAP were 87.37% and 86.32%, respectively. The degradation solution of strain SMX had almost no toxicity to bioindicator bacteria. These results showed that P. diazotrophicus strain SMX was an efficient and environmentally safe CIP/CAP degradation bacterium, which could play an active role in the prevention and control of antibiotic co-contamination. This study provides technical support for the biodegradation of antibiotic substances.

Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) has shown a persistent epidemic trend in our country, with inactivated vaccines and attenuated live vaccines being the primary options domestically. However, these vaccines still have certain limitations. This study aims to develop a safe and efficient PRRS vaccine. By predicting the concentrated region of antigenic epitopes of glycoprotein 5 (GP5) through bioinformatics, a GP5 antigenic peptide recombinant Adenovirus was constructed. After immunizing mice (Mus musculus), its safety, neutralizing antibody titer, lymphocyte interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) secretion level, lymphocyte proliferation, and cytokine transcription level were evaluated to analyze its immunogenic effect. The results showed that PCR and enzyme digestion successfully constructed the recombinant adenoviral plasmid pAdTrack-GP5aa130-170. Western blot identification of the packaged Adenovirus confirmed the construction of a recombinant Adenovirus capable of stably expressing the target protein. After immunization with recombinant Adenovirus, the mice showed good weight gain and mental state. The neutralizing antibody titer, lymphocyte IFN-γ release level, and lymphocyte proliferation rate were significantly higher than the control group (P<0.05), with no significant difference compared to the commercial vaccine. The transcription levels of lymphocyte interleukin 4 (IL-4), IL-6, and IL-10 were extremely significantly higher than that in the control and commercial vaccine groups (P<0.01). At the same time, there was no significant difference in tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) expression level. The secretion levels of IL-4, IFN-γ, and TNF-α in the serum were extremely significantly higher than the control group (P<0.01). These results indicated that this study successfully constructed a recombinant Adenovirus expressing the GP5 antigenic epitope region, which could induce a high level of neutralizing antibodies and cellular immune responses in mice after immunization, and had good immunogenicity. The findings provide a reference for developing a novel vaccine against PRRS.

Since 2019, despite the rapid approval of many commercial vaccines, Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has continued to spread and mutate globally. The receptor binding domain (RBD) of the spike protein on the surface of SARS-CoV-2 is the main target for the development of COVID-19 (Coronavirus disease 2019) vaccines. To obtain a SARS-CoV-2 RBD protein that is low-cost, safe and easy to store and transport. The recombinant plant expression vector pCAMBIA1300-RBD was constructed by molecular cloning technique. Transgenic rice (Oryza sativa) plants of T₀ generation were obtained by Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated rice genetic transformation. RBD gene in leaf genome of T₀~T₃ generation rice was detected by PCR, and the transcription and expression levels of RBD protein were identified by qRT-PCR and Western blot. The results showed that 2 homozygous T₃ transgenic rice plants were successfully obtained, and RBD protein was stably expressed in rice seeds and could react specifically with Anti-S monoclonal antibody. The size of RBD protein treated by the peptide N-glycosidase F (PNGase F) was consistent with the expected size, indicating that the rice-derived RBD protein was N-glycosylated. In addition, the expression level of RBD protein in transgenic rice was determined by quantitative Western blot analysis. The results showed that the expression level of RBD protein in transgenic rice seeds was up to 312 μg/g in dry weight seeds. In summary, this study obtained homozygous transgenic plants stably expressing the SARS-CoV-2 RBD protein, providing a new approach for the further development of rice-derived subunit vaccines against Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19).

To meet the growing market demand for chicken meat, the modern broiler (Gallus gallus domesticus) industry has prioritized growth rate and breast meat yield as key breeding criteria. However, intensive selection strategies have concurrently exacerbated muscular abnormalities, particularly a dramatic increase in the incidence of white striping (WS) and wooden breast (WB). These myopathies severely impair the sensory quality and processing functionality of chicken meat, resulting in substantial economic losses to the poultry sector. Consequently, researchers and industry stakeholders have paid more and more attention to WS and WB. Current studies focus on nutritional regulation to reduce their occurrence and improve their physicochemical properties of WS and WB. But systematic research on targeted countermeasures remains limited. This review summarized recent advances in WS and WB study across 6 critical dimensions: general description, pathological mechanism, influencing factors, quality characteristics, grading and detecting techniques, and approaches mitigating WS and WB. By integrating these insights, this work aims to provide actionable scientific guidance for fostering sustainable development in the global broiler industry.

Mitochondrial autophagy plays a crucial role in cellular health and development. As a cellular autophagy mechanism, mitochondrial autophagy is responsible for the removal of damaged or dysfunctional mitochondria, ensuring cellular energy supply and metabolic balance. This article reviewed the latest research advancements in mitochondrial autophagy, focusing on the interplay between the PINK1/Parkin-dependent ubiquitin pathway and the ubiquitin-independent receptor-mediated autophagy mechanism. It also discussed the significance of mitochondrial autophagy in maintaining normal functions at the metabolic level in oocytes and in preserving mitochondrial quality in aging oocytes. Research indicated that mitochondrial autophagy not only effectively clears mutated mitochondrial DNA but also reduced oxidative stress, thereby enhancing the developmental potential of oocytes. By systematically summarizing the critical role of mitochondrial autophagy in oocyte development, this article provides new perspectives and strategies for optimizing reproductive technologies in both humans and animals, advancing further research and applications in the field.

FecB (fecundity booroola, FecB) gene is one of the multifetal major genes of Ovis aries, which is a single-base mutation form in the coding region of bone morphogenetic protein receptor type 1B gene. Sheep with FecB gene can be produced by gene editing technology. Gene-edited sheep are usually produced by microinjecting gene-edited material into a fertilized egg followed by transplantation to obtain offspring. Electrotransfer is a simple and easy method to introduce gene-edited materials into cells. This study aimed to establish an electrotransfer-based FecB gene editing method for sheep embryos. Gene editing materials such as Cas9 nuclease, small guide RNA (sgRNA), single stranded DNA (ssODN) and inhibitor Scr7 were used and the effects of different voltages, different time periods and different post-fertilization times on sheep embryo development and editing efficiency were compared. The results showed that the embryo had a higher survival rate and editing efficiency when the electrotransfer parameters were set at voltage of 40 V, duration of 2 ms and 4~6 h after fertilization with 5 repetitions. The overall editing efficiency reached 88%, and the percentage of embryos with point mutation was up to 60%. After transplantation of electrotransferred embryos, 3 FecB gene-edited lambs were obtained. In summary, this study established a simple, economical and efficient gene editing method for sheep fertilized eggs based on electrotransfer, which provided technical support for accelerating the promotion and application of sheep genome editing breeding and improving reproductive performance.