Reviews on Wnt Signaling Pathway and Its Regulation in Skeletal Muscle Development
FU Yu1, DONG Xin-Xing2, YAN Da-Wei2, ZHANG Hao1, ZHANG Bo1,*
1 National Engineering Laboratory for livestock and poultry breeding / Plateau Animal Genetic Resources Center, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; 2 College of Animal Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
Abstract：Wnt is a secreted glycoprotein, which can bind to receptors in the form of paracrine or autocrine, activate intracellular signaling pathways, regulate target gene transcription, and then participate in the regulation of various cytological processes such as embryonic development and cell proliferation, especially playing an important role in skeletal muscle development. In this review, Wnt protein receptors and Wnt signaling pathways were reviewed, and the regulatory roles of Wnt pathways in skeletal muscle development and regeneration were expounded from the perspectives of ligands, regulatory factors and interactions with other pathways. This review not only provides ideas for the study of research on the regulation mechanism of skeletal muscle growth and development, but also lays a theoretical foundation for animal husbandry production.
[1] 刘涛. 2017. L-肌肽激活m TOR和Wnt/β-catenin信号通路促进猪骨骼肌卫星细胞增殖分化的机理[D]. 博士学位论文, 中国农业大学, 导师: 马秋刚, pp. 48. (Liu T.2017. L-Carnosine promotes the proliferation and differentiation of pig satellite cells via activating m TOR and Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway [D]. Thesis for ph.D., China Agricultural University, Supervisor: Ma Q G, pp. 48.) [2] 彭术军. 2019. circSNX29通过Wnt5a/Ca2+信号通路调控牛肌细胞增殖、分化的机制研究[D]. 硕士学位论文, 西北农林科技大学, 导师: 陈宏, pp. 17. (Peng S J.2019. Regulating mechanism of circSNX29 in bovine myoblasts proliferation and differentiation via Wnt5a/Ca2+ signaling pathway [D]. Tesis for M.S., Northwest A&F University, Supervisor: Chen H, pp.17.) [3] 杨秋梅, 史新娥, 沈清武, 等. 2011. Wnt/β-catenin信号通路相关基因及MyHCs在猪骨骼肌发育中的表达规律[J]. 畜牧兽医学报. 42(12): 1686-1695. (Yang Q M, Shi X E, Shen Q W, et al.2011. The expression pattern of Wnt/β-catenin signal pathway related genes and MyHCs during porcine skeletal muscle development[J]. Acta Veterinaria et Zootechnica Sinica. 42(12): 1686-1695.) [4] 叶茂, 宋志文, 金成龙, 等. 2020. 骨骼肌生长发育及再生过程中Wnt信号网络的作用机制[J]. 动物营养学报. 32(8): 3560-3567. (Ye M, Song Z W, Jin C L, et al.2020. Mechanism of Wnt signaling network in skeletal muscle growth, development and regeneration[J]. Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition. 32(8): 3560-3567.) [5] Al-Qattan M M.2011. WNT pathways and upper limb anomalies[J]. Journal of Hand Surgery (European Volume), 36(1): 9-22. [6] Arce L, Yokoyama N N,Waterman M L.2006. Diversity of LEF/TCF action in development and disease[J]. Oncogene. 25(57): 7492-7504. [7] Bilic J, Huang Y L., Davidson G, et al.2007. Wnt induces LRP6 signalosomes and promotes dishevelled-dependent LRP6 phosphorylation[J]. Science, 316(5831): 1619-1622. [8] Borello U, Berarducci B, Murphy P, et al.2006. The Wnt/beta-catenin pathway regulates Gli-mediated Myf5 expression during somitogenesis[J]. Development, 133(18): 3723-3732. [9] Boulet A M, Capecchi M R.2012. Signaling by FGF4 and FGF8 is required for axial elongation of the mouse embryo[J]. Developmental Biology. 371(2): 235-245. [10] Brack A S, Conboy I M, Conboy M J, et al.2008. A temporal switch from notch to Wnt signaling in muscle stem cells is necessary for normal adult myogenesis[J]. Cell Stem Cell, 2(1): 50-59. [11] Brack A S, Conboy M J, Roy S, et al.2007. Increased Wnt signaling during aging alters muscle stem cell fate and increases fibrosis[J]. Science, 317(5839): 807-810. [12] Brack A S, Murphy-Seiler F, Hanifi J, et al.2009. BCL9 is an essential component of canonical Wnt signaling that mediates the differentiation of myogenic progenitors during muscle regeneration[J]. Developmental Biology, 335(1): 93-105. [13] Cambray N, Wilson V.2007. Two distinct sources for a population of maturing axial progenitors[J]. Development, 134(15): 2829-2840. [14] Cao H, Wang C, Chen X, et al.2018. Inhibition of Wnt/β-catenin signaling suppresses myofibroblast differentiation of lung resident mesenchymal stem cells and pulmonary fibrosis[J]. Scientific Reports, 8(1): 13644-13658. [15] Chargé S B, Rudnicki M A.2004. Cellular and molecular regulation of muscle regeneration[J]. Physiological Reviews, 84(1): 209-238. [16] Chen B, You W, Shan T.2019. Myomaker, and Myomixer-Myomerger-Minion modulate the efficiency of skeletal muscle development with melatonin supplementation through Wnt/β-catenin pathway[J]. Experimental cell Research, 385(2): 111705-111714. [17] Ciruna B, Rossant J.2001. FGF signaling regulates mesoderm cell fate specification and morphogenetic movement at the primitive streak[J]. Developmental Cell, 1(1): 37-49. [18] Flanagan-Steet H, Hannon K, McAvoy M J, et al.2000. Loss of FGF receptor 1 signaling reduces skeletal muscle mass and disrupts myofiber organization in the developing limb[J]. Developmental Biology, 218(1): 21-37. [19] Fu Y, Shang P, Zhang B, et al.2021. Function of the porcine TRPC1 gene in myogenesis and muscle growth[J]. Cells, 10(1): 147-161. [20] Garriock R J, Chalamalasetty R B, Kennedy M W, et al.2015. Lineage tracing of neuromesodermal progenitors reveals novel Wnt-dependent roles in trunk progenitor cell maintenance and differentiation[J]. Development, 142(9): 1628-1638. [21] Han X H, Jin Y R, Seto M, et al.2011. A WNT/beta-catenin signaling activator, R-spondin, plays positive regulatory roles during skeletal myogenesis[J]. The Journal of biological Chemistry, 286(12): 10649-10659. [22] He X, Semenov M, Tamai K, et al.2004. LDL receptor-related protein 5 and 6 in Wnt/beta-catenin signaling: Arrows point the way[J]. Development, 131(8): 1663-1677. [23] Hoppler S, Kavanagh C L.2007. Wnt signalling: Variety at the core[J]. Journal of Cell Science, 120(3): 385-393. [24] Hulin J A, Nguyen T D, Cui S, et al.2016. Barx2 and Pax7 regulate Axin2 expression in myoblasts by interaction with β-Catenin and chromatin remodelling[J]. Stem Cells, 34(8): 2169-2182. [25] Hutcheson D A, Zhao J, Merrell A, et al.2009. Embryonic and fetal limb myogenic cells are derived from developmentally distinct progenitors and have different requirements for beta-catenin[J]. Genes & Development, 23(8): 997-1013. [26] Jurberg A D, Aires R, Nóvoa A, et al.2014. Compartment-dependent activities of Wnt3a/β-catenin signaling during vertebrate axial extension[J]. Developmental Biology, 394(2): 253-263. [27] Kamizaki K, Endo M, Minami Y, et al.2021. Role of noncanoical Wnt ligands and Ror-family receptor tyrosine kinases in the development, regeneration, and diseases of the musculoskeletal system[J]. Developmental Dynamics, 250(1): 27-38. [28] Kostek M C, Chen Y W, Cuthbertson D J, et al.2007. Gene expression responses over 24 h to lengthening and shortening contractions in human muscle: Major changes in CSRP3, MUSTN1, SIX1, and FBXO32[J]. Physiological Genomics, 31(1): 42-52. [29] Kuroda K, Kuang S, Taketo M, et al .2013. Canonical Wnt signaling induces BMP-4 to specify slow myofibrogenesis of fetal myoblasts[J]. Skeletal Muscle, 3(1): 5-18. [30] Ladher R K, Church V L, Allen S, et al.2000. Cloning and expression of the Wnt antagonists Sfrp-2 and Frzb during chick development[J]. Development Biology, 218(2): 183-198. [31] LeBoeuf B, Chen X, Garcia L R.2020. WNT regulates programmed muscle remodeling through PLC-β and calcineurin in Caenorhabditis elegans males[J]. Development, 147(9): 1-15. [32] Li V S, Ng S S, Boersema P J, et al.2012. Wnt signaling through inhibition of β-catenin degradation in an intact Axin1 complex[J]. Cell, 149(6): 1245-1256. [33] Liu D, Li S, Cui Y, et al.2019. Podocan affects C2C12 myogenic differentiation by enhancing Wnt/beta-catenin signaling[J]. Journal of Cell Physiology, 234(7): 11130-11139. [34] Logan C Y, Nusse R.2004. The Wnt signaling pathway in development and disease[J]. Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology, 20(1): 781-810. [35] Münsterberg A E, Kitajewski J, Bumcrot D A, et al.1995. Combinatorial signaling by Sonic hedgehog and Wnt family members induces myogenic bHLH gene expression in the somite[J]. Genes & Development, 9(23): 2911-2922. [36] MacDonald B T, Tamai K, He X.2009. Wnt/beta-catenin signaling: components, mechanisms, and diseases[J]. Developmental Cell, 17(1): 9-26. [37] Maretto S, Cordenonsi M, Dupont S, et al.2003. Mapping Wnt/beta-catenin signaling during mouse development and in colorectal tumors[J]. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA, 100(6): 3299-3304. [38] Mastroyiannopoulos N P, Nicolaou P, Anayasa M, et al.2012. Down-regulation of myogenin can reverse terminal muscle cell differentiation[J]. PLOS ONE, 7(1): e29896. [39] Olivera-Martinez I, Storey K G.2007. Wnt signals provide a timing mechanism for the FGF-retinoid differentiation switch during vertebrate body axis extension[J]. Development, 134(11): 2125-2135. [40] Perez-Ruiz A, Ono Y, Gnocchi V F, et al.2008. β-Catenin promotes self-renewal of skeletal-muscle satellite cells[J]. Journal of cell science, 121(9): 1373-1382. [41] Perry R L, Rudnick M A.2000. Molecular mechanisms regulating myogenic determination and differentiation[J]. Frontiers in Bioscience, 5(1): 750-767. [42] Qin L, Xu J, Wu Z, et al.2013. Notch1-mediated signaling regulates proliferation of porcine satellite cells (PSCs)[J]. Cellular Signalling, 25(2): 561-569. [43] Ridgeway A G, Petropoulos H, Wilton S, et al.2000. Wnt signaling regulates the function of MyoD and myogenin[J]. The Journal of Biological Chemistry, 275(42): 32398-32405. [44] Rudnicki M A, Williams B O.2015. Wnt signaling in bone and muscle[J]. Bone, 80(1): 60-66. [45] Rudolf A, Schirwis E, Giordani L, et al.2016. β-Catenin activation in muscle progenitor cells regulates tissue repair[J]. Cell Reports, 15(6): 1277-1290. [46] Suzuki A, Minamide R.2018. WNT/β-catenin signaling plays a crucial role in myoblast fusion through regulation of nephrin expression during development[J]. Development, 145(23): 1-8. [47] Tajbakhsh S, Buckingham M E.1994. Mouse limb muscle is determined in the absence of the the earliest myogenic factor myf-5[J]. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA, 91(2): 747-751. [48] Tajbakhsh S, Borello U, Vivarelli E, et al.1998. Differential activation of Myf5 and MyoD by different Wnts in explants of mouse paraxial mesoderm and the later activation of myogenesis in the absence of Myf5[J]. Development, 125(21): 4155-4162. [49] Takata H, Terada K, Oka H, et al.2007. Involvement of Wnt4 signaling during myogenic proliferation and differentiation of skeletal muscle[J]. Developmental Dynamics, 236(10): 2800-2807. [50] Tanaka S, Terada K, Nohno T.2011. Canonical Wnt signaling is involved in switching from cell proliferation to myogenic differentiation of mouse myoblast cells[J]. Journal of Molecular Signal, 6(12): 1-16. [51] Tsentidis C, Gourgiotis D, Kossiva L, et al.2017. Increased levels of Dickkopf-1 are indicative of Wnt/β-catenin downregulation and lower osteoblast signaling in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus, contributing to lower bone mineral density[J]. Osteoporosis International, 28(3): 945-953. [52] Vertino A M, Taylor-Jones J M, Longo K A, et al.2005. Wnt10b deficiency promotes coexpression of myogenic and adipogenic programs in myoblasts[J]. Molecular Biology of the Cell, 16(4): 2039-2048. [53] Vivian J L, Olson E N, Klein W H.2000. Thoracic skeletal defects in myogenin- and MRF4-deficient mice correlate with early defects in myotome and intercostal musculature[J]. Developmental Biology, 224(1): 29-41. [54] von Maltzahn J, Bentzinger C F, Rudnicki M A.2011. Wnt7a-Fzd7 signalling directly activates the Akt/mTOR anabolic growth pathway in skeletal muscle[J]. Nature Cell Biology, 14(2): 186-191. [55] von Maltzahn J, Chang N C, Bentzinger C F, et al.2012. Wnt signaling in myogenesis[J]. Trends in Cell Biology, 22(11): 602-609. [56] Yang X R, Ning Y, Mei C G, et al.2020. The role of BAMBI in regulating adipogenesis and myogenesis and the association between its polymorphisms and growth traits in cattle[J]. Molecular Biology Reports, 47(8): 5963-5974. [57] Yang Y, Yang J, Liu R, et al.2011. Accumulation of β-catenin by lithium chloride in porcine myoblast cultures accelerates cell differentiation[J]. Molecular Biology Reports, 38(3): 2043-2049. [58] Yin H D, Han S S, Cui C, et al.2021. Plectin regulates Wnt signaling mediated-skeletal muscle development by interacting with Dishevelled-2 and antagonizing autophagy[J]. Gene, 783(1): 1-13. [59] Zhang K, Zhang Y, Gu L, et al.2018. Islr regulates canonical Wnt signaling-mediated skeletal muscle regeneration by stabilizing Dishevelled-2 and preventing autophagy[J]. Nature Communications, 9(1): 5129-5135. [60] Zhang Q, Shi X E, Song C, et al.2015. BAMBI promotes C2C12 myogenic differntiation by enhancing Wnt/beta-Catenin signaling[J]. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 16(8): 17734-17745.
