Molecular Mechanism of Synonymous Codons Usage Patterns Control Ribosome Scanning Rhythms
GAO Ming-Yang1,2,3, WU Yu-Hu1,2,3, YANG Xuan-Ye1,2,3, WANG Jin-Qian1,2,3, HU Xin-Yan1,2,3, ZHOU Jian-Hua1,2,4,*
1 Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioengineering of State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou 730030, China; 2 Gansu Tech Innovation Center of Animal Cell, Lanzhou 730030, China; 3 College of Life Science and Engineering, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou 730010, China; 4 Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, China
Abstract：In translation process, the correct folding of the native polypeptide chain is regarded as the cornerstone for the biological activity of proteins. However, the correct spatial conformation of the native polypeptide chain is generally performed by the co-translation folding mechanism. The biogenetic effects of synonymous codon usage patterns on translation play important roles in ribosomal scanning mRNA. More and more studies have shown that although synonymous codon usage variations fail to impair amino acid sequence of protein, the preference of synonymous usage pattern perform a profound effect on the folding dynamic for the native polypeptide chain, especially on the regulation of the ribosomal scanning speeds. The purpose of this review is to explain the important role of synonymous codon usage patterns in the translation process and the mechanism of their influence on translation dynamics, and to identify their important role in the correct folding of proteins into their natural conformations. Synonymous codons are also associated with many diseases, this paper provides ideas for the research of protein synthesis and diseases caused by dysrhythmicity of ribosomes.
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