Genetic and Molecular Mechanisms of Phytophthora capsici Resistance and Their Breeding Applications in Pepper(Capsicum annuum)
CHEN Yan-Hui1,2,*, LIU Ting3,*, YUAN Xin-Jie1,**
1 Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Jiangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanchang 330200, China; 2 College of Agronomy, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China; 3 Affiliated High School, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430000, China
Abstract：Pepper(Capsicum annuum) is a globally important economic crop, whose production is seriously threatened by Phytophthora capsici, a devastating oomycete pathogen that has caused severe yield losses. Due to the long-term survival of P. capsici in soil and its high genetic variability, conventional chemical control methods often prove ineffective and tend to cause environmental concerns. Consequently, exploiting and utilizing the host's inherent resistance through techniques such as molecular marker-assisted selection for genetic improvement have become the most economical and effective strategy for disease management. This paper systematically reviews research advances in the biological and genomic evolutionary characteristics of P. capsici, genetic mapping and resistance gene mining of P. capsici resistance, molecular mechanism dissection, as well as modern biotechnological breeding applications in pepper. P. capsici belongs to the genus Phytophthora in the class Oomycetes, and more than 45 physiological races have been identified. It has a two-speed genome structure, and the expansion and sequence polymorphism of effectors such as RxLR(Arg-Xaa-Leu-Arg) and CRN(crinkling and necrosis) are the important molecular basis for its virulence differentiation. Pepper resistance to P. capsici is governed by monogenic, oligogenic, and polygenic inheritance patterns. Major QTL clusters on chromosome 5 are highly conserved, and the CaRPc10.1 locus on chromosome 10 has been finely mapped to a 32.36 kb interval. A series of candidate and functional resistance genes have been identified, including CaDMR1, Capana05g000764, Capann_59Chr10g029350, CaTPX1, and CaAP2/ERF99. In molecular marker-assisted selection breeding, markers such as ZL6726, CaNB-5480, and CA10-233 have been developed, with highest accuracy of resistance identification reaching more than 90%. Meanwhile, progress and breakthroughs in transgenesis, gene editing, and genomic selection have also laid a foundation for precision breeding for resistance to P. capsici. Transcriptomic, proteomic, and epigenetic regulation studies have demonstrated that pepper responds synergistically to pathogen infection via pathways including phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, secondary metabolism, and hormone signaling; and epigenetic regulations such as histone modification and DNA methylation are also involved in disease resistance. Mechanistic investigations into the interactions between effectors(e.g., NLP779 and PcICD1) and host targets have provided potential targets for resistance design breeding. Future research should focus on cloning and functional validation of resistance genes, pyramiding of multiple resistance genes, and dissection of effector-target interactions, so as to promote the breeding of durable and broad-spectrum resistant pepper varieties. This review provides a theoretical reference for optimizing genetic improvement and molecular breeding strategies for P. capsici resistance in pepper.
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