摘要为了探讨野鸭的遗传多样性和与家鸭的亲缘关系，本研究利用短串联重复序列(short tandem repeat, STR)分型技术对绿头野鸭(Anas platyrhynchos)、西湖野鸭(A. platyrhynchos)、奉化野鸭(A. platyrhynchos)、斑嘴野鸭(A. poecilorhyncha)、针尾野鸭(A. acuta)和赤嘴潜鸭(Netta rufina) 6个野鸭群体(共计269只)，以及家鸭品种绍兴麻鸭(A. platyrhynchos domestic)60个个体在11个位点上的遗传多样性进行了检测。结果表明，在7个群体中共检测到了141个有效等位基因(effective number of alIeles，Ne)，平均有效等位基因为12.821，期望杂合度(expected heterozygosity，He)为0.856，多态信息含量(polymorplism information content, PIC)为0.845。11个位点均为中高度多态位点，适用于鸭的遗传多样性分析。7个群体的遗传多样性丰富，PIC在0.310~0.960之间。F-统计量分析显示，所有位点的Fst在0.047~0.469之间，平均为0.171，表明群体间的遗传变异较大。Nei氏遗传距离分析及系统发育树显示，绿头野鸭、西湖野鸭、奉化野鸭和绍兴麻鸭遗传距离较近，与赤嘴潜鸭、斑嘴野鸭和针尾野鸭的遗传距离较远，同时这3个群体间的遗传距离也较远，并且赤嘴潜鸭单独聚为一类。此外，绍兴麻鸭与绿头野鸭遗传距离远小于其与斑嘴野鸭的遗传距离，提示绍兴麻鸭起源于绿头野鸭的可能性更大。本研究通过对6个野鸭品种的遗传多样性及与绍兴麻鸭的亲缘关系分析，进一步完善了野鸭与家鸭的遗传结构。
Abstract：In this paper, microsatellite method was used to explore the genetic diversity and genetic relationship of 6 mainly domesticated wild ducks and Shaoxing partridge duck (Anas platyrhynchos domestic). 11 microsatellite loci were tested in the 7 species of duck, which were Common mallard (A. platyrhynchos), Xihu mallard (A. platyrhynchos), Fenghua mallard(A. platyrhynchos), Spot-billed duck (A. poecilorhyncha), Northern pintail (A. acuta), Red-crested pochard (Netta rufina), and Shaoxing partridge duck, totally 329 samples. The results showed that 141 effective alleles (Ne) were detected totally, the average effective allele per locus was 12.821, the average expected heterozygosity (He) was 0.856, and the mean polymorphic information content (PIC) was 0.845. All loci were moderately or highly polymorphic loci and were suitable for assessment of duck genetic diversity. High genetic diversity was detected in the 7 populations, and their polymorphism information contents were between 0.310 and 0.960. F- statistic analysis showed that Fst of all sites were between 0.047 and 0.469, the average Fst was 0.171, which indicated that there was a large genetic variation among populations. Nei's genetic distance (Ds) analysis showed that the genetic distances among Common mallard, Xihu mallard, Fenghua mallard and Shaoxing partridge duck were closely, and genetic distances from them to Common mallard, A. acuta and Netta rufina were far, simultaneously, the genetic distances among these three varieties were far as well. Phylogenetic tree analysis based on Nei's genetic distance revealed that N. rufina was clustered into one group separately. Moreover, the genetic distance between Shaoxing partridge duck and Common mallard was closer than the distance between Shaoxing partridge duck and Common mallard. It indicated that Shaoxing partridge duck is more likely to originate from Common mallard.The analysis of genetic diversity and relationship among 6 wild duck breeds and Shaoxing partridge duck further improve the genetic structure of wild duck and domestic.
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