Abstract：In order to study the yak (Bos grunniens) populations' genetic diversity and genetic structure and promote the rational use and protection of the yak populations genetic resources in Gansu Province, 15 microsatellite markers were used to detect six yak populations (240 individuals). The results showed that146 alleles were found in 15 microsatellite loci, in which allele number (106) in Maqu yak population was highest, and that in Tianzhu white yak was at least (74). The analysis of polymorphism information content(PIC), expected heterozygosity(He) and observe heterozygosity(Ho) indicated that the genetic diversity of 3 yak populations from Hezuo city were rich, but the genetic diversity of Tianzhu white yak, Tianzhu yak and Sunan yak population were relatively low. DA genetic distanceand Nei's standard genetic distance (DS) and the phylogenetic tree constructed by DA and DS genetic distance and NJ method showed that the relationship of Maqu yak, Luqu yak and Xiahe yak were very near, which indicated that the 3 populations might have the same ancestors. But the genetic distance of Tianzhu While yak, Tianzhu yak and Sunan yak populations were near, they might have the same ancestors. The results of classification in principal component analysis and genetic structure analysis were same with the phylogenetic tree, the 6 yak populations were divided into two clusters, and consisted with the geographic distribution of the 6 populations.
Cheng S. R., Luo Y. Z., Han J. L., Olivier Hanotte, and Hu J., 2009, Analysis of genetic diversity and phylogenetics using mtDNA D-loop sequence and microsatellite DNA marker in sheep, Journal of Agricultural Biotechnology, 17（6）：988-994（成述儒，罗玉柱，韩建林，Olivier Hanotte，胡江，2009，绵羊mtDNA D-环序列与微卫星DNA遗传多样性和系统发育分析，农业生物技术学报，17(6): 988-994）Guo S. C., Savolainen P., Su J. P., Zhang Q., Qi D. L., Zhou J., Zhong Y., Zhao X. Q., and Liu J. Q., 2006, Origin of mitochondrial DNA diversity of domestic yaks. BMC Evolutionary Biology, 6: 73.Guo S. C., Qi D. L., Chen G. H., Xu S. X., and Zhao X. Q., Genetic diversity and classification of domestic yaks inferred from mitochondrial DNA sequences. ACTA ECOLOGICA SINICA, 2008，9：4286-4294(郭松长，祁得林，陈桂华,，徐世晓， 赵新全. 家牦牛线粒体DNA(mtDNA)遗传多样性及其分类。生态学报，2008，9：4286-4294)HU J., 2001, Study On the Biological Characteristics and Genetic Diversities of Wild Yak and Domestic Yak and Their Hybrid, Thesis for M.S., Gansu Agricultural university, Supervisor: Zhang R. C.,（胡江, 2001, 野牦牛、家牦牛及其杂交种的生物学特性和遗传多样性研究, 硕士学位论文，甘肃农业大学，导师：张容昶）Liao X. J., Chang H., Zhang G. X., Wang D. L., Song W. T., Han X., and Zhang Z. F., 2008, Genetic diversity of five native Chinese yak breeds based on microsatellite DNA markers, Biodiversity Science, 16 (2): 156–165(廖信军1, 3 常 洪3 张桂香2* 王冬蕾3 宋卫涛4 韩 旭2 张自富, 2008, 中国5个地方牦牛品种遗传多样性的微卫星分析,生物多样性，16 (2): 156–165)Lai S.J., Chen S. Y., Liu Y. P., and Yao Y. G., 2007, Mitochondrial DNA sequence diversity and origin of Chinese domestic yak. Animal Genetics, 38, 77–80.Lai S. J., Wang L ., Liu Y. P., and Li X. W., 2005, Study on mitochondrial DNA genetic polymorphism of some yak breeds in China. Acta Genetica Sinica, 32(5): 463-470(赖松家，王 玲，刘益平，李学伟，2005, 中国部分牦牛品种线粒体DNA遗传多态性研究,遗传学报，32(5): 463-470Li Q. F., Zhao X. B., Liu H. L., Li N., and Xie Z., A review of the research on taxonomic status in yak (poephagus). Acta Zootaxonomica Sinica, 2006，31 ( 3) : 520- 524(李齐发，赵兴波，刘红林，李 宁，谢 庄. 牦牛分类地位研究概述. 动物分类学报，2006，31 ( 3) : 520- 524) Masatoshi Nei, Sudhir Kumar. Molecular Evolution and Phylogenetics [M]. 2000, Oxford University Press, Inc. 104-147.Pritchard J K., Stephens M., and Donnelly P., Inference of population structure using multilocus genotype data. Genetics, 2000, 155: 945-959.Qi X. B., Han J. L., Lkhagva B., Chekarova I., Badamdorj D., Rege J. E. O., and Hanotte O., 2005, Genetic diversity and differentiation of Mongolian and Russian yak populations. Journal of Animal Breeding and Genetics, 122, 117–126.Saitbekova N., Gaillard C., Obexer-Ruff G., and Dolf G., Genetic diversity in Swiss goat breeds based on microsatellite analysis. Animal Genetics, 1999, 30: 36-41.Tao S. X., 2001, Polymorphism of Blood Proteins of Yak in Gansu, Thesis for M.S., Gansu Agricultural university, Supervisor: Han J. L.,（陶世信，2001，甘肃牦牛血液蛋白遗传多样性的研究，硕士学位论文，甘肃农业大学，导师：韩建林）Tu Z. C., Zhang Y. P., and Qiu H., 1997, Genetic diversity and divergence in Chinese yak (Bos grunniens) populations inferred from blood protein electrophoresis. Biochemical Genetics, 35, 13–16.Yang Q., and Liu H. L. 2010. Yak and Tibetan sheep green standardized production technology. Gansu Science and Technology Press, Lanzhou, china: 38(杨勤，刘汉丽主编，2010. 牦牛藏羊绿色标准化生产技术. 甘肃科学技术出版社，兰州：38）Yuan C. Fu., and Gong M. J., Dissection of the Skull Bones of Yak. JOURNAL OF GANSU AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY, 1998,33(1): 1-5(袁朝富，龚明俊. 牦牛头骨解剖. 甘肃农业大学学报,1998,33(1): 1-5)Zhong J. C., and Chen Z. H., Study on yak genetic diversity, Journal of Yunnan agricultural university (nature science), (钟金城，陈智华，1999，牦牛遗传多样性的研究，云南大学学报（自然科学版），21：229-230)Pearson K., On lines and planes of closest fit to systems of points in space. The Philosophical Magazine, 1901, 2: 559-572.Zhong J. C., Zhao S. J., Chen Z. H., and Ma Z. J., 2006, Study on Genetic Diversity and Classification of the Yak, Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 39(2):389-397(钟金城，赵素君，陈智华，马志杰, 2006, 牦牛品种的遗传多样性及其分类研究, 中国农业科学，39(2):389-397)
