Growth hormone (GH) is the main hormone which can control the growth of animals. GH release is controled by growth hormone releasing factor(GRF) and somatostatin(SS). SS is one of important negative factors regulating GH release, reducing somatostatin receptor Ⅱ (SSTR2) expression thereby decreased the inhibition of SS. In this study, According to pig (Sus scrofa) SSTR2 gene deposited in GenBank, three short hairpin RNAs (shRNA) were designed and synthesized, after annealing in vitro, the three shRNA were cloned into the pshRNA-copGFP lentivector (LV-shRNA). Then LV-shRNA and pcDNA3.1(-)-SSTR2 recombinant plasmid were established, transient-transfection into Chinese hamster(Cricetulus griseus) ovary cell (CHO). The results showed, both SSTR2 mRNA and protein levels down-regulated significantly (P<0.05) at 48 h post-transfection detected by the fluorescent observation, Real-time PCR, and Enzyme-linked imunosorbent assay (ELISA). Expression of shRNAs in CHO cells reduced SSTR2 mRNA level by 90.4% 28.3% and 86.3% respectively. Among which, LV-shRNA1 showed the highest silencing efficiency, SSTR2 mRNA reduced 90.4 % (P<0.05) and SSTR2 protein reduced 33.3% (P<0.05) when the transfection efficiency was 80%. The LV-shRNA vector which down-regulated the pig SSTR2 gene expression was constructed successfully, and can facilitate further study on the transgenic pig.

Myostatin(MSTN) can inhibit the growth of skeletal muscle, while the mutated myostatin propeptide(Pro-MSTN-D75A) can inhibit myostatin activity. Pig is a very economically important livestock in China. It will play an important role in live pig production of China to increase the volume of lean meat of pig by injection of mutated myostatin propeptide. In this study, we have developed a system and optimal conditions to express myostatin propeptide. Total RNA was extracted from longissimus of 3-month embryo of Tongcheng pig and the MSTN propeptide cDNA (exclusive the signal peptide) was amplified by RT-PCR. Simultaneously, a site-directed MSTN cDNA mutant (the 75th aspartic acid changed to alanine, D75A) was also generated. Prokaryotic expression vectors of pGEX-ProM (SP-) and pGEX-ProM (SP-)-D75A were subsequently constructed and transformed into Escherichia coli cells (BL21) to express GST-fusion proteins of the wild type and mutant. The optimal expression was observed after 5h induction with 0.6 mmol/L IPTG for the wild-type MSTN gene but after 6 h induction with 1mmol/L IPTG for the D75A mutant. The fusion proteins were purified by GST-Trap system with expected molecular size (~51 kD consist of 26 kD GST tag and 25 kD myostatin propeptide). Concentrations of the purified wid-type (ProM(SP-)) and mutatant (ProM (SP-)-D75A) were 1.87 mg/mL and 1.21 mg/mL, respectively. This work has provided us a basis to prepare anti-MSTN antibody and to further investigate the functions of porcine MSTN propeptide.

In order to characterize the antibacterial activity of gene products expressed by several gene fragments from the gene of Stichopus japonicus lysozyme (SjLys), its cDNA (GenBank accession No. EF036468) was analysed by bioinformatics. The result showed that the amino acid region of C terminus of SjLys contained non-enzymatic activity. Therefore, a pair of primers including NcoⅠ and EcoRⅠrestriction sites were designed according to the cDNA sequence of SjLys and the gene fragment of C terminus of SjLys (SjLys-C) was amplified by RT-PCR from the total RNA of the S. japonicus intestine. As a result, the target gene was obtained at a length of 259 bp fragment. The fragment of SjLys-C was subcloned into the expression vector of pET-32a(+) to construct the recombinant plasmid of pET-32a(+)-SjLys-C. Then the recombinant plasmids were transformed into Escherichia coli Rosetta(DE3)pLysS to gain the genetically engineering strain pET-32a(+)-SjLys-C/ E. coli Rosetta(DE3)pLysS. We used the strain to induce and express the recombinant protein SjLys-C. The result showed that the genetically engineering strain could highly express the recombinant protein of 26 kD. Moreover, the recombinant protein SjLys-C could express in solube form, which was taken up 70% of the total protein. Western blotting analysis found that the recombinant protein SjLys-C had a specific immune response with Penta-His antibody at the position of about 26 kD. Therefore, it is evidence that the recombinant protein SjLys-C must be the target protein. The antibacterial activity of the purified recombinant protein SjLys-C was also analyzed. The recombinant protein SjLys-C displayed inhibitive effect on the growth of the Micrococcus lysodeikticus and Vibrio parahaemolyticus. In particular, the heat-treated recombinant protein SjLys-C inhibitive activities were enhanced from5% to 21% at 100℃and 40 min treatment. These results showed that the strain pET-32a(+)-SjLys-C/E. coli Rosetta(DE3)pLysS could produce recombinant protein SjLys-C in a soluble form and exhibit the potent antibacterial activity. Therefore, the product will be widely used in agriculture and medicine and has great market potential and development value.

To research the effects of heterogeneous mouse cumulus cells (mCCs) on in vitro maturation of bovine denuded oocytes(DOs) and its development after parthenogenesis, bovine denuded germinal vesicle (GV) stage DOs were co-cultured in vitro with a mCCs monolayer in this study. The effect mechanism of cumulus cells on bovine DOs after in vitro maturation(IVM) and parthenogenesis were also discussed, and this could help to provide experimental bases for increasing maturation rate of bovine oocytes in vitro. Bovine oocytes were divided into four groups, namely COCs (cumulus-oocytes complexes) group, DOs+bCCs (bovine cumulus cells) group, DOs+mCCs group and DOs group. The extruded rate of oocytes in different groups of first polar body, glutathione (GSH) content and parthenogenetic development of MⅡ stage oocytes, relative expression levels of bone morphogenetic protein 15 (BMP15) and growth differentiation factor 9 (GDF9) mRNA of oocytes were detected after in vitro mature for 22~24h. The results showed that (1) Nuclear maturation rate of DOs+mCCs group and DOs+bCCs group [(68.48±5.71)%, (71.00±4.27)%] were significantly lower than that of COCs group (84.70±3.41)% (P<0.05), but significantly higher than that of DOs group (54.26±5.03)% (P<0.05); After parthenogenetic activation the GSH content and blastocyst rate of MⅡ oocytes of DOs+mCCs group [(2.48±0.24)pmol/oocyte, (44.19±4.03)%] were similar to those of DOs+bCCs group [(2.49±0.18)pmol/oocyte, (48.57±5.20)%] and DOs group [(2.40±0.17)pmol/oocyte, (43.47±7.34)%], but were all significantly lower than those of COCs group [(9.67±0.18)pmol/oocyte, (59.93±6.13)%)](P<0.05), and cleavage rate of different groups showed no significant difference [(98.85±4.32)%, (92.11±2.00)%, (95.40±4.11)%, (93.18±3.19)%] (P>0.05); (3)Relative expression levels of BMP15 and GDF9 mRNA of DOs+mCCs, DOs+bCCs and COCs group were all significantly higher than that of DOs group (P<0.05), but relative expression levels of GDF9 mRNA of DOs+mCCs and COCs group were significantly higher than that of DOs+bCCs group (P<0.05). The result indicated that mCCs could improve nuclear maturation rate and BMP15, GDF9 mRNA relative expression levels of bovine DOs, but could not enhance cytoplasmic maturation of DOs and parthenogenetic embryo development of MⅡ oocytes. It's suggested that cumulus cells can promote bovine oocytes nuclear maturation in vitro through some paracrine factors, and the effects of these factors may have no species specificity.

The detection of phytase transgenic corn is important to supervise its release and provides technical support. According to phytase gene (phyA2) sequences in transgenic phyA2 corn(Zea mays), the primers for qualitative and quantitative were designed. The qualitative PCR results showed that the primers were only effective to detect phyA2 transgenic corn, which indicated that the primers were highly specific. The SYBR Green I fluorescence quantitative PCR of endogenous reference zSSIIb zea mays starch synthase isoform zSTSII-2 and phyA2 genes were studied in this paper. Transgenic contens were calculated according to the standard Ct-copies linear graphs of the two genes. The results showed that the standard curves of zSSIIb and phyA2 genes had higher R2 value as 0.998 and 0.995, respectively, and the melting curves had single peak which mean the primers were specific. The mixed corn samples were detected to be 1.1%, 0.54% and 0.17%, respectively, which were close to the true values. The qualitative and quantitative PCR methods were developed in this study which can be effective at detecting phyA2 transgenic corn.

As progenitors of spermatogonia and oogonia, primordial germ cells(PGCs) are characterized by their pluripotency, therefore they represent a good model for the study of embryo development in vitro. Owing to the physiological and developmental characteristics of poultry, PGCs have great value in transgenic research. In our study, PGCs isolated from the genital ridges of 5.5 days' Meiling chicken(Gallus domesticus) embryo were cultured in 24-well plates at 37.5℃ in a water-saturated atmosphere of 95% air and 5% CO2 in vitro. The PGCs were stained by histochemical and immunohistochemical for periodic acid-schiff(PAS), alkaline phosphatase(AKP), SSEA-1(stage-specific embryonic antigens-1) and TERT(telomerase reverse transcriptase). The gene expression of Cvh(chicken vasa homologue), Cdh(chicken dead end homolog) and Dazl(deleted in azoospermia-like), PouV (POU domain class 5 transcription factor 1), Nanog (nanog homeobox) and Sox2 (sex determining region Y-box 2) in the PGCs were analyzed by fluorescence quantitative PCR. The foreign gene of fluorescent protein (pEGFPN3) was transfected into these PGCs by lipofectin method, and the gene transfection efficiency was analyzed by the concentration of plasmid DNA, liposomes and different incubation time. The results showed that chicken PGCs colony with a typical nest-like structure were positive for PAS, AKP, SSEA-1 and TERT staining, and the EG cells could form embryoid bodies. RT-PCR analysis in chicken PGCs showed that genes of stage specific type of PGCs, Cvh, Cdh and Dazl, and pluripotent stem cell-related genes PouV (Oct-4 homologue), Nanog and Sox-2, were expressed significantly than that in the CEF(chicken embryonic fibroblast). In addition, after 24 h transfection, the fluorescence could be observed in cytoplasm and nucleus, and the transfection efficiency of three fluorescent protein genes was up to 16%. This study provides a good material for gene regulation in PGCs differentiation, gene marker and transgenic animals.

This study aimed at exploring the inhibition of silence information regulator1 (Sirt1) on fat deposition of mice and the influence of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway. Mice(Mus mussulus) were treated with the activator of Sirt1 resveratrol (100 mg·kg-1·d-1) and the antagonists nicotinamide (100 mg·kg-1·d-1) by gavage daily for 15 days. The body weight, subcutaneous fat tissue, periepdidymal fat pads and perirenal fat pads were weighed, while the concentrations of triglycerides(TG), total cholesterol (TC), low density lipoprotein (LDL-C) and high density lipoprotein (HDL-C) were measured by Kits. The mRNA expression of transcriptional regulation factors peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ), sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1 (SREBP1) as well as adipose decompose related gene adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL), homrnoe-snestive lipaes (HSL), perilipin and fat synthesis gene fatty acid synthetase (FAS) mRNA were measured by Real-time PCR. Simultaneously, the levels of the key factors of mTOR pathway mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), eukaryotic initiation factor 4E binding protein 1 (4EBP1) and P70 ribosomal protein S6 kinases 1 (S6K1) mRNA were also measured by Real-time PCR. Compared with the control, resveratrol could decreased the increase of body mass and the body fat content(P<0.01), obviously decreased the concentrations of TG, TC and LDL-C in blood serum (P<0.01), and visibly increased the concentrations of HDL-C(P<0.01). The expression levels of the key fatcors of mTOR pathway: mTOR, 4EBP1 and S6K1 mRNA, were down-regulated(P<0.01), the major transcriptional factors PPARγ, SREBP1 and fat synthesis gene FAS mRNA were also distinctly reduced(P<0.01), while the mRNA expression of adipose decompose related genes ATGL, HSL and Perilipin mRNA were up-regulated significantly(P<0.01). Body weight, periepdidymal fat pads and subcutaneous fat tissue increased a little(P>0.05) in nicotinamide-treatment mice, while perirenal fat pads increased(P<0.05), the levels of HDL-C up-regulated(P<0.05) as well as LDL-C reduced significantly(P<0.01) in nicotinamide-treatment mice. The expression levels of the key factors of mTOR pathway mTOR and 4EBP1 mRNA were obviously down-regulated(P<0.01), and the major transcriptional factors PPARγ and SREBP1 mRNA increased(P<0.05), as well as adipose decompose related gene ATGL mRNA decreased(P<0.05), but the expression of HSL and Perilipin were not significant(P>0.05), and the expression levels of fat synthesis gene FAS were also not significant(P>0.05).We demonstrated that activate Sirt1 can reduce fat synthesis, increase fat breakdown and reduce body fat deposition, and mTOR pathway involves in this process.

Pigments of potato tubers have been suggested the benefits for human beings health and have attracted interests in science which approach to their genetic improvement, and in fresh and industrial markets which have potentials of added-values. Little information is available for diversity of pigmented potato germplasms resulted in a bottle-neck of selection and enhancement of suitable parental materials for the potato breeding. In present research, SSR markers were employed to clarify the genetic diversity and to establish the fingerprinting of 50 pigmented potato(Solanum tuberosum L.) genotypes which were available in existed breeding programs. The results showed that 56 pairs of SSR primers having polymorphism were selected by screening over 200 SSR markers. A total of 236 alleles were identified, of which 230 were polymorphic and the ratio of polymorphism was as high as 97.46%, which indicated that the SSR markers selected were suitable for the genetic diversity clarification. The genetic similarity of the 50 tested materials ranged from 0.50 to 1.00, suggesting relative narrow genetic resources which they were derived from. The UPGMA cluster analysis indicated that all the materials could be assigned into three groups at genetic similarity of 0.63. Cluster Ⅰ contained 11 genotypes, 38 genotypes were assigned to Cluster Ⅱ while Cluster Ⅲ had only one genotype. ClusterⅠwas assigned into 2 subgroups at genetic similarity of 0.64, and cluster Ⅱwas assigned into 3 subgroups at genetic similarity of 0.67. Five pairs of SSR primer were successfully used to establish DNA fingerprints of the 50 tested materials by detecting 32 alleles. Marker StI005 alone could identify 32 genotypes, bi-marker combination of StI005/StI007 could detect 43 genotypes and tri-marker combination of StI005/StI007/S038 could distinguish 46 genotypes. The rest four cultivars, British Columbia and Congo as well as MacIntosh Black and Black Beauty, could be further identified by S072 and S038, respectively. All of the 50 pigmented potato materials were assigned to 44 genotypes, which indicated that some of them may have variant names. Use of the data in parental material selection is recommended.

In order to investigate the distribution of simple sequence repeats(SSR) loci of Chinese garlic germplasm and provide the basis for the cultivars identification, germplasm conservation, and genetic improvement, the cluster analysis, principal componet analysis and genetic diversity of 40 garlic(Allium sativum L.) cultivars were analyzed using six pairs of SSR primers. A total of 21 polymorphic loci among these materials and average 3.5 polymorphic loci per SSR primer were detected. The percentage of polymorphic loci was 56.76%; the mean effective number of alleles, the mean Nei's gene diversity and the mean Shannon's information index were 1.5551, 0.3414 and 0.5188, respectively. Results showed that 40 materials could be divided into 3 groups at the similarity coefficient level of 0.59, in which the first group consisted of 28 cultivars which included 3 subgroups at the similarity coefficient level of 0.73, and the second group consisted of 2 cultivars and the third group consisted of 10 cultivars which could be classified into 2 subgroups at the similarity coefficient level of 0.68. The result of principal components analysis was almost consistent with that of UPGMA clustering analysis. The change range of Shannon-Weaver information index was 0.0576~0.4179, which showed the garlic had abundant genetic diversity. The genetic relationship and genetic diversity of garlic germplasm can be assessed efficiently by SSR markers. This study provides basic information of SSR markers for Chinese garlic germplasm

For ornamental purpose, our laboratory chose fertilized egg of Tanichthys albonubes used as a receptor to transfer red fluorescent protein vector of sea anemone in 2003. Transgenic T. albonubes expressing the red fluorescent protein was obtained. This paper aimed at evaluating its biological safety by analyzing expression and existence time of neomycin phosphotransferase Ⅱgene(NPTⅡ). PCR amplification and rapid diagnosis strip were applied on selectable marker gene detection and NPTⅡexpress detection in transgenic T. albonubes and non-transgenic T. albonubes. The results showed that NPTⅡ gene and protein product were detected in transgenic T. albonubes, but that were not detected in non-transgenic T. albonubes. To quantify the expression of NPTⅡ protein in muscle of transgenic T. albonubes, enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was performed at different death time in natural water (water temperature at 20~25℃). The death times are 0(fresh muscle), 24, 48, 72, 96, 120 and 144 h group, respectively. The result showed that the NPTⅡ protein content in the fresh muscle of transgenic T. albonubes was 9.12 ng/g, and the amount of NPTⅡ protein in the muscle of transgenic T. albonubes was decreased with death time prolonging. At the NPTⅡ protein content of the muscle was close to zero at 96 h after death . The results indicate that the NPTⅡprotein in transgenic T. albonubes muscle is so easy to be degraded under nature conditions and we speculate that it has low security risk to environment.

Chemokines belong to a family of chemotactic cytokines which are involved in activation and migration of leukocytes. They play important roles in the innate immune system of fish species. The CC chemokines are one of the biggest superfamilies of chemokines. To understand tissue expression, evolution models and immune regulation mechanism of Cyprinus carpio CC chemokines, we selected a member of CC chemokines, CCL-C5a, for further study. In this study, a full-length cDNA of CC chemokine CCL-C5a-like gene was amplified in C. carpio spleen by RACE method (GenBank accession No. JQ026408). The full-length cDNA was 830 bp in size, with 174 bp 5'UTR, 296 bp 3'UTR and 360 bp open reading frame(ORF). The ORF encoded a protein of 119 amino acids. Functional domain analysis showed that this protein contained signal peptide and conserved chemokine structure. Gene Ontology annotation indicated that this protein was involved in the biological process of immune cell migration. CCL-C5a was widely expressed in brain, skin, muscle, head kidney, body kidney, intestine, gill and heart and mainly in spleen and liver. After lipopolysaccharide stimulation, the expression of CCL-C5a showed significantly increase in peripheral blood leukocytes and head kidney leukocytes. The deduced amino acid sequence of C. carpio CCL-C5a shared high identity with other seven species, which was from 37% to 61%, and the highest was 61% with Danio rerio. Adaptive evolution analysis revealed that the Ka/Ks of CCL-C5a bewteen C. carpio and Danio rerio was less than 1, indicating that CCL-C5a was under negative selection pressure in the evolutionary process of fish species. We conclude that C. carpio CCL-C5a are principally expressed in immune organs and up-regulated after lipopolysaccharide stimulation and that this gene is under negative selection pressure in fish species. These results indicate that C. carpio CCL-C5a may be a immune-relevant gene.

As a safety microorganism, Lactococcus lactis is an ideal live vector vaccine candidate for carrying antigen. Aeromonas hydrophila cause hemorrhagic septicemia in many kinds of animals including fish. It is important to find the common protective antigens in vaccine research work, because of the numerous serotype. To explore how the outer membrane protein (OMP) from Aeromonas hydrophila (Ah) AS1.927 strain expressed in the L. lactis and its immunological protection of the expressed OMP, a cloned ompA gene was inserted into pNZ8048 vector and expressed in the L. lactis NZ9000 using nisin induction in this study . The expressed OMP was estimated by migration in 10% sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyarylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). Results showed that the size of the fusion protein was about 36.2 kD, and the mature protein was about 33.7 kD. BALB/c mice (Mus musculus) were orally inoculated with the engineering bacteria L.lactis [pNZ-ompA]. Intestinal secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA) was determined by double antibody radioimmunoassay and serum IgG was detected by enzymelinked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) at one week post-vaccination,the results indicated that mice vaccinated with L.lactis [pNZ-ompA] significantly increased sIgA level and antigen-specific IgG level in the serum (P<0.05) than that of untreated control group . Besides, on the 14th day after the last immunization, the mice were challenged with 3.3×105 cfu/mL of live Ah AS1.927 (100 LD50), showing that the immunized group had 87.5% relative percent survival (RPS). This indicated that oral immunization of L.lactis [pNZ-ompA] can protectively initiate an immune response upon. It provides a technical basis for developing efficient oral gene engineering vaccine against fish Ah.

The new wheat variety(Triticum aestivum) Nongda 3753 with purple pericarp was released by College of agronomy and biotechnology, China Agricultural University. The variety was selected by pedigree method from the cross of "Jingdong 8 / Heixiaomai 76", and the pedigree record was 97 Dongjia (2)-0-1-1-3-3-0. Nongda 3753 was officially approved by Beijjing Crop Variety Approval Committee in 2006. This variety was winter wheat with the features of purple kernel, high yield, high selenium content and strong gluten. This paper described the characters, selection process and cultivation techniques of Nongda 3753. The reasons of the reduced plant height and improved high processing quality of Nongda 3753 were also discussed. This information will be helpful for the promotion of Nongda 3753 and the breeding of new wheat varieties.

Abstract CUP-SHAPED COTYLEDON1 to 3 genes (CUC1-CUC3) play an important role in shoot apical meristem (SAM) function, organ separation and leaf development. BrcCUC3 was cloned from the non-heading Chinese cabbage by the method of homologous sequence amplification and transformed into Arabidopsis thaliana for functional identification. The coding sequence of BrcCUC3 is 1008 bp in length and predicted to encode a typical NAC-domain transcription factor with the protein of 335 amino acids. The corresponding genomic DNA contained three exons and two introns. It was in conformity with the principles of GT-AG. The amino acid sequence analysis showed that it contained a conserved NAC-domain. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that amino acid sequence of BrcCUC3 were high similar to previously described CUC3 proteins from other plant species, especially shares 98%, 97%, and 83% identity with Cabbage, Radish, and Arabidopsis proteins, respectively. In the CUC3 phylogenetic tree of multiple species, BrcCUC3 protein belongs to the Brassicaceae sub-branche of dicot branche. According to the 20 CUC3 amino acid sequences of plants, the phylogenetic tree showed that it indeed reflected the evolution of plants. A real-time PCR was performed to observe the expression profiling of BrcCUC3, the results showed that BrcCUC3 was higher expressed in the different stage leaves of lines with lobed leaf than that in lines with entire leaf. The transformation of BrcCUC3 gene into Arabidopsis thaliana was carried out by floral dipping with the agrobacteria. Comparing with wild-type plants, overexpression of BrcCUC3 cDNA under the control of a CaMV 35S promoter in Arabidopsis caused serrated leaves, modified inflorescence structure with increased apical inflorescence. All the results suggested that BrcCUC3 involved in the regulation of leaf margin and braches development.

Fructose-6-phosphate,2-kinase/fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase(F2KP), which is comfirmed to be a bifunctional enzyme, is a key regulatory enzyme involved in carbon accumulation and partitioning processes. In the previous study, F2KP with both kinase and phosphatase domain named SoF2KP-L was obtained from the leaf of sugarcane. In this research, different sizes of F2KP homologous fragments from the stem of sugarcane(Saccharum officinarum L.) were amplified and named SoF2KP-S1, SoF2KP-S2 and SoF2KP-S3, respectively. Based on the bioinfomatical analysis, the putative protein SoF2KP-S1, SoF2KP-S2 and SoF2KP-S3 were incomplete respectively with part of kinase domain, phosphatase domain and only several amino acid. Therefore, SoF2KP-L with complete kinase/phosphatase catalytic domains was inserted into plant expression plasmid under the Cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter, then transferred into tobacco(Nicotiana tabacum) plants by Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. RT-PCR (Reverse transcription PCR) analysis confirmed that SoF2KP-L was successfully transcripted in mature leaf. The changing rates of soluble sugar/starch, reducing sugar/starch and sucrose/starch indicated that carbohydrate level and carbohydrate partitioning of the transgenic plants had been changed. These results indicate that there may be different transcripts existing in sugarcane and SoF2KP-L regulates the carbon portioning in sugarcane as F2KP in other plants. This stuty will provide theory basis for further study on the biological function of F2KP from sugarcane and for its potential application in sugarcane molecular breeding.

Aluminum (Al) toxicity is the major limiting factor for plant growth and crop production in acidic soils, which cover more than 30% of the world's arable land. Recently, a serious of Al resistance genes have been identified in various plants, such as genes related to organic acid transporters (ALMT1 and MATE), ABC transporters (STAR1 and STAR2) and transcription factors (STOP1 and ART1). Furthermore, overexpression of genes related to organic acid transporter, organic acid metabolism enzymes and other Al-responsive genes in plants have obtained great progresses. The paper reviews the progresses in the research on identification and characterization of plant Al resistance genes and genetic engineering for augmentation of plant Al resistance.