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| The Progress on the Mechanism of Biological Detoxification of Ochratoxin A by Microbes |
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Abstract Abstract Ochratoxin A has been believed to be the second most harmful mycotoxin after aflatoxin and it exists widely in cereal, grain, fruit juice and beer. A large number of grains contaminated with OTA, seriously harm the health of people and animals, so removal or degradation of OTA in food and its raw materials is very important for food safety. The detoxification method which has application significance and availability should meet several requirements: The mycotoxin must be inactivated or destructed through detoxification method, making it into non-toxic complex; the fungal spores and mycelium must be destructed so that new toxins can not form; the nutritional value and the physical properties of food or feed must be maintained while it is be detoxified, and it is better to be economic and reasonable. OTA detoxification methods are generally divided into two types: one type is the effect of degradation, mainly through chemical reaction and modification of toxin, which can make the toxin non-toxic or low toxic; the other way is the removal of OTA, mainly through certain means, removing the existing OTA, and will not change its nature. At present, the research on detoxification of OTA in domestic and abroad can be divided into three kinds: physical method, chemical method and biological detoxification method, which are used different mechanisms to reduce, eliminate, adsorp, modify or decompose OTA. Physical detoxification method uses the means of cleaning dust, grinding and washing, adsorption, radiation and other means to achieve the effect of reducing or detoxifying OTA. Chemical detoxification method is mainly used to modify the toxins and other means to make it into a non-toxic material. Although the operation of physical and chemical methods are simple and the technical requirements are not high, but the efficiency of OTA detoxification is not high, and the quality of food is changed, resulting the nutrients' loss. Most important, chemical reagents residues is also a threat on food safety. In recent years, more and more researchers are paying attention to the biological detoxification of OTA with the further research of OTA detoxification. The biological detoxification of OTA is mainly by adsorption or enzymatic reaction to achieve the purpose of detoxifying by modifying toxin molecule and detoxifying toxin. The biological degradation pathway of OTA is mainly through the breaking of the amide bond which connects L-β-phenylalanine and OTα, and the OTA is hydrolyzed to the non-toxic L-β-phenylalanine and OTα. And the main detoxification enzymes that have been found include protease, OTA hydrolytic enzyme and several commercial enzymes. As one kind of proteases, the carboxypeptidase A is the protease which is the most to be found and the most widely to be used in OTA detoxifying. Meanwhile, biological detoxification of OTA has become a hot topic in the world, with its environment friendly, no damage to nutrients, high efficiency and low toxicity, high specificity and so on in the present research. This paper mainly introduces the mechanism and methods of OTA biological detoxification, including the extraction of detoxification enzyme, the mechanism of detoxification enzyme and so on.
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Received: 27 June 2016
Published: 13 January 2017
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