The commercialization of genetically modified organisms(GMOs) has been developing very fast since 1980s. Transgenic technology has been applied to agricultural production, pharmaceuticals, chemical engineering, food industry, environmental protection, energy sources and so on. In recent years, the scale of the commercialization of GMOs has been increasing year by year. Planting area of genetically modified(GM) crops in 2012 reached to 170.3 million hm2, which was 100 times compared with that of 1996. Meanwhile, the approved species of GMOs increases continuously and the commercialization of GMOs has brought remarkable economic and environmental benefits. In addition, the safety assessment system of GMOs is being continuously developed, further guaranteeing food safety and the environmental safety of GMOs. The priority development of GMOs will focus on stacked trait GM crops, transgenic pharmaceutical or industrial plants and nutritionally improved varieties of GM crops. Furthermore, GM animals would make more contributions to the development of the industrialization of GMOs. And the application of genetically engineered microorganisms which has been comparatively mature will also be more extensive in the future. However, it is undeniable that the commercialization development of GMOs still faces controversies and challenges from food and environmental safety, patent right, science and technology, and popularization of science. In China, independent research and developmental ability of GM products needs to be improved. Also, the industry standardization system and the risk communication mechanism require to be established and perfected gradually. Therefore, Chinese government should strengthen scientific research, promoting the commercialization of GMO timely and appropriately.

The transgenetic modified organism(GMO) has developed rapidly since it is born. As the commercialization of GMOs is growing more and more fast, the food safety and the environmental safety of GMOs have been paying more attention by the government and the public. For the supervision of the GMOs, many countries have been taken the identification laws in different manners, to supervise the food and feed which contain the GMO content for protecting the right to know for the consumers. In this assay, we introduce the different kind of GMOs identification laws that are taken in different countries. By contrasting with Chinese laws, we have achieved the drawbacks of the laws in China, providing the theoretical basis to improve. We introduced the detection method based on nuclear acid and protein, also, for the latest detection method, such as next-generation sequencing, digital-PCR, loop-mediated isotheral amplification, we concluded the research progress of these techniques and predicted the future in GMO detection area. Finally, we predicted the future, challenge and develop direction of GMO detection.

The proportion of transgenic crop plant area in developing countries increased year by year, and exceeded developed countries for the first time since 2012. Brazil developed from forbidding planting transgenic soybeans to the country whose transgenic crop plant area is the second largest over the global. China can learn some management patterns from Brazil. This paper elaborated on the development of genetically modified organisms in Brazil and China, and compared genetically modified organisms safety management from the laws and regulations, management systems and identification. China can improve the management of genetically modified organisms from the following aspects: Formulating laws and regulations to keep pace with the times according to the development of genetically modified technology and genetically modified organisms; perfect the management system; increasing government information transparency, with timely and widely propaganda; strengthening law enforcement; adopting a more scientific way of identification. In order to promote the sustainable development of genetically modified technology in our country, China must take effective measures to establish and strictly execute a supervision system, strengthen the safety management of genetically modified organisms and their products, and solve the problems of genetically modified food safety, further speeding up commercialisation of genetically modified crops in China.

With more and more appearence of meat adulteration, one simple, high-effency and quick detection method is urgent which compares to tradional ones with expensive, low-accuracy and low-efficiency. In this study, adulteration detection with molecular biology techniques was researched. A pair of highly specific primers for pork, beef and sheep were obtained, respectively, by trational PCR screening and verification. The Real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR results of pork, beef and sheep with 3 primer combinations showed that the detection limits were 1.69 copy, 1.52 copy and 17.5 copy, respectively. The 3 primer combinations were then developed into detection kits for pork, beef and mutton. The kits developed in this study identified pork, beef and mutton effectively when they were used to detect several deep-processed meat products in market. The kit is simple, which shows a good application prospect in field use.

Nowadays the importance of gut microbiota for the health of host has been more and more emphasized. The human microbiome project (HMP) has been launched, and researches on gut microbiota count for the most important contents of HMP. Studies on this field usually take means of molecular biology methods in which DNA extraction is the basis and key to get success of experiments. In order to explore the best protocol of extracting DNA from gut bacteria, we compared 5 common fecal genome extraction methods using rat (Rattus norvegicus) faeces as samples. Four aspects including DNA concentration, integrity, purity and diversity were evaluated. Finally, we optimized the best method in the dosage of faeces and times of differential centrifugation. The results showed that method of differential centrifugation, chemical and enzyme strategies and pheno-chlorofom extraction was more suitable in bacterial DNA extraction from rat faeces. And the optimizing experiment suggested that 0.2 g faeces and differential centrifugation once was suitable for gut microbiota metgenomic sequencing; 0.4 g faeces and differential centrifugation twice was suitable for detecting numbers and diversity of gut flora by 16S rRNA-PCR; 0.3 g faeces and differential centrifugation once was suitable for getting the least PCR inhibitors and the best DNA quality. Our research provides useful basic data for further study of gut microbiota.

Nowadays hydrogen peroxide in food becomes more and more frequent. In order to establish a convenient, effective and rapid method to detect, a test paper for hydrogen peroxide semiquantitative detection tested by 25 different samples was prepared. The disadvantages of the existing methods are long response time, long production period and poor stability. The detection could be completed in 3 s with 3 mm chromatography filter paper. The craft of extraction could be optimized by orthogonal design, and the production period has been shorten. The protective enzyme was added in the color liquid, which gave the stability and shelf life of the test paper. The results showed that the test paper was consistent with iodometry tested by 25 different samples. The method of test paper was quick, easy, sensitive, and had good specificity. Consequently, this simple and inexpensive detection method can be widely applied in inspection of sanitation field, which is of great significance for rapid detection of hydrogen peroxide in food.

Ochratoxin A (OTA) is one of the most toxic mycotoxins to both animals and plants. Ethylene (ETH), as a gaseous plant hormone, contributes greatly to a wide range of cellular and developmental processes, and it responses to abiotic and biotic stress. However, the role of ETH in OTA toxicity to Arabidopsis thaliana is not uncovered. In this study, ETH and the ethylene biosynthetic precursor 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) content of A. thaliana leaves exposed to OTA were measured by high performance liquid chromatography. The results showed that OTA treatment increased ETH and ACC content in A.thaliana leaves. Quantitative Real-time PCR was performed to determine the relative expression level of ACC synthase gene 6 (ACS6) which is an important gene in ETH synthesis, and ACS6 expression was induced by OTA and the effect was related to the treatment time of OTA. When exogenous ACC with OTA was added to A.thaliana leaves, aggravated lesions, promoted relative leakage rate and increased reactive oxygen species content were observed, showing that ACC could intensify the damage of OTA to leaves. What was in contrast with the results above was that in the presence of the ethylene receptor antagonist Ag+ by addition of AgNO3, the toxicity of OTA to A.thaliana leaves was lessened. The research indicated the involvement of ETH in phytotoxicity of OTA as a possible negatively regulator. This study preliminary reveals the role and partly mechanism of ETH in phytotoxicity of OTA to A.thaliana, and can provide foundation for further research on the mechanism of phytotoxicity of OTA.

Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a secondary metabolite produced by filamentous fungi belonging to Aspergillus spp. and Penicillium spp. . OTA can contaminate cereals, grapes(Vitis vinifera), soybeans(Glycine max), coffee(Coffea arabica) and related products. Animal experiments indicate that OTA is nephrotoxic, hepatotoxic, teratogenic, carcinogenesis, teratogenicity and mutagenesis. It is essential to reduce or eliminate the OTA content in foods and their raw materials to the national food safety. In this study, one bacillus Sl-1, which could adsorb and degrade OTA in liquid media, was screened out from animal manure. Both viable and autoclaved (121 ℃, 20 min) cells of Sl-1 could bind OTA, moreover, at 6 μg/mL of OTA, autoclaved (121 ℃, 20 min) cells bound (80%) more OTA than that of viable cells (60%) by thin layer chromatography (TLC) after 24 h aerobic incubation. The cell-free supernatant of Sl-1 could degrade OTA, and at 6.2 μg/mL of OTA, the degradation rate was 98% by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) after 24 h aerobic incubation and no degradation products were produced. In the moldy maize, the degradation rate of Sl-1 was 35.0%. With 16S rRNA gene sequence, Sl-1 was identified as B. licheniformis. It is the first time to obtain a strain of B. licheniforms which can adsorb and degrade OTA, and this research provides a new material for OTA detoxification.

Ochratoxin A(OTA) is a mycotoxin produced by several kinds of fungi growing on food source materials. OTA has been proved to be nephrotoxic, hepatotoxic, teratogenic, mutagenic and potential carcinogenic etc. to rodents and even human. In this paper, the toxicity of OTA was studied through 1H NMR(nuclear magnetic resonance) based metabolomics together with serum clinical analysis and histopathological examination. The results showed that OTA induced the damages in proximal tubular epithelial cells of rats(Rattus norvegicus). Histopathological examination illustrated that OTA induced cytoplasmic vacuolization and karyomegaly in proximal tubular epithelial cells. 1H NMR showed OTA could lead to the changes in metabolism of rats for the content of lactate, threonine, liquid, high-density lipoprotein(HDL) in plasma varied, which illustrated that OTA influenced some metabolic pathways of glycometabolism and lipid metabolism. This finding can provide valuable information to understand the metabolism of OTA from the perspective of metabolotics.

By transfering N-3 fatty acid desaturase gene to pork to make N-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids into N-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, a new way to supplement N-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid can be found. Subchronic toxicity effect of the genetically modified meat which containing N-3 fatty acid desaturase gene on pigs can be observed. One hundred and forty, 4~5 weeks old Sprague Dawley rats(Rattus norvegicus) were randomly divided into 7 groups according to the weight and gender, given a nutritionally balanced purified diet containing 3.75%，7.50% and 15.00%transgenic or conventional meat for 90 d. AIN-93 normal diet was used as an additional control group. Body weight, food consumption, haematological parameter and clinical biochemistry parameter were observed during the experiment period. At the end, the rats were sacrificed and organ weight measurement analysis and pathological examnation were performed. There were no significant differences of some indices of body weight, food utilization, hematology, clinical biochemistry, organ index and organ pathological examnation in transgenic meat group, compared to parental meat group and AIN-93 group. There was no adequate evidence to indicate the subchronic toxicity and adverse effects for transgenic meat which containing N-3 fatty acid desaturase gene on rats. This also provides reference data to assess comprehensive safety of N-3 fatty acid desaturase gene transgenic technology.

To evaluate the safety of transgenic herbicide-resistant maize, the transgenic maize and its non-transgenic counterpart were fed to Sprague-Dawley(SD) rats(Rattus norvegicus) during 90 d. This study added the genetically modified(GM) maize(CC-2) and its non-transgenic control maize(Zheng-58) in a ratio of 12.5%, 25.0% and 50.0% respectively to the basal feed. The influence and safety of GM maize were evaluated by monitoring SD rats' nutrition, physiological status, and biochemical indicators. During the 90 d feeding for SD rats, we surveyed the nutritional status of SD rats and the effects of physiological indexes, such as body weight, hematology and serum biochemistry indexes. At the end of the study, we dissected the animals for pathological observation and calculated viscera coefficient. After 90 days, animals of each group were in good condition. Compared with the non-GM maize control group, several indexes of the serum biochemistry, hematology, relative organ weight of SD rats fed on GM corn had statistically significant difference(P＜0.05) and no dose-relative or gender-relative. So it had no biological significance. The transgenic herbicide-resistant maize is as same safety as its non-GM maize in 90 d feeding study. This study provides scientific evidence for the safe usage of GM maize.

Cry protein is an insecticidal composition of Bacillus thuringiensis(Bt) microbial insecticides, it has been used as biological insecticides for over 50 years. Cry5B is one of a Cry protein, its food safety has yet to be evaluated. This article was focused on allergenicity assessment in vitro, the acute toxicity test and 30 d feeding study. The results of thermal stability and simulated gastrointestinal digestion experiment showed that Cry5B protein had stability after heating 60 min at 100 ℃ and was digested within 15 s in stimulated fluid, indicating that Cry5B protein had low allergenicity. The oral acute toxicity test indicated that the activities and physiological metabolism of mice(Mus musculus) were nomal and the Cry5B protein caused no adverse effects in mice by gavage at a high dose of 5 g/kg BW. The results of 30 d feeding study showed that all aspects of the SD rats(Rattus nargegicus) in weight , feed intake, blood biochemistry(lactate dehydrogenase,alkaline phosphatase, total protein, albumin, creatinine, blood urea nitrogen, aspartate aminotransferase, total cholesterol, gliucose, teramethy lathylenediamine, alanine aminotransferase), hematology(white blood cell count, red blood cell count, haemogliobin, blood platelet)were normal. Pathological results showed that the main internal organs such as liver and spleen and kidney of rats had phenomenon of mild edema, bleeding, but these lesions has nothing to do with the feeding transgenic cotton seed. The food safety evaluation of the Cry5B protein showed that Cry5B recombinant protein and transgenic Cry5B cottonseed did not have the allergenicity and toxicity, it can be considered safe for food,and it provide the data of further safety evaluation for transgenic Cry5B cotton.

With the application of cowpea trypsin inhibitor gene(CpTI) in crops such as cotton and rice, distribution of CpTI in human food is increasingly widespread. As a foreign protein, the allergenicity of CpTI has aroused people’s concern. Recent years some web-based tools that integrate with databases of allergenic proteins could be used to improve our ability to predict allergenicity based on structural analysis. In this study, bioinformatic analysis methods were used to evaluate the potential allergenicity of CpTI and the outcome was then compared with results of other methods aimed to conform its potential allergenicity more clearly. Allergenonline, structure database of allergic protein(SDAP), DNAStar software and Kolaskar-Tongaonkar online server were used to compare and analyze CpTI’s allergenicity and immunogenicity on the basis of analyzing its physical and chemical properties. The Allergenonline and SDAP database were used to predict the similarity of amino acid of CpTI with known allergens collected in the databases. The primary comparison methods included the identification of similar sequence that hold more than 35% in a known 80 amino acid sequence, and the existence of continue 6 or 8 amino acid that same as that in CpTI in known allergic sequences. Besides, the physical and chemical properties containing isoelectric point, stability coefficient, coefficient of fat, existence of signal peptide were analyzed using online servers of ProtPara (http://web.expasy.org/protparam/), SignakIP4. (http://www.cbs.dtu.dk/services/SignalP/) and TMHMM (http://www.cbs.dtu.dk/services/TMH MM-2.0/). The result of properties analysis showed that CpTI’s theoretical isoelectric point was 4.96, unstable and fat coefficient were 95.57 and 33.68 respectively, and did not contain signal peptid. So we conclude that the CpTI is a protein of unstable and hydrophobi. Bioinformatics analysis showed that CpTI’s antigen epitope area of amino acid was 76~80, which was less than 6 amino acids and almost could not form the antigenic determinant. Besides, the highest identity match of CpTI with known food allergens was 18.85% over any segment of 80 continuous amino acids and that there was no peptide matches of 6 or 8 continuous amino acids to known allergens in Allergenonline and SDAP datebases. The DNAStar and Kolaskar-Tongaonkar online server can be used to predict protein’s immunogenity and the allergenonline, SDAP can analyze potential allergeinicity. The obtained results using analyze method in this research did not appear any significant allergen epitope and potential allergenicity in CpTI. Combining with previous researches, it is considered that the CpTI is a non- or hypo-allergenic protein. This research may provide scientific reference for predicting potential allergenicity of de novo protein using bioinformatic analysis tools.

The widely-used allergic diagnosis method depends on the binding of IgE, present in human patient sera. However, little correlation was demonstrated between serum immunoglobulin E(IgE) antibody level and the severity of clinical symptoms. Therefore, this study aimed to develop an in vitro cellular test system for evaluating potential allergenicity of foods via analysing the binding of mouse(Mus musculus) serum IgE to rat(Rattus norvegicus) basophilic leukaemia(RBL) cells and the degranulation of RBL-2H3 and RBL-1 cells. Female Balb/c mice (each 3-week-old) were orally sensitized 5 times with glycinin (Gly), ovalbumin (OVA), or potato acid phosphatase (PAP). The sensitized serum pool that obtained after sensitization was utilized to analyze the binding of mouse IgE to RBL cells and mediator release assay. Additionally, elicitation of allergic reaction was assessed by measurement of vascular permeability to investigate the correlation between the degranulation of RBL cells and severity of allergic reaction. Results indicated that the capacity of RBL-2H3 cells to bind mouse IgE was significantly higher than that of RBL-1 cells (P＜0.05). Good degranulation was induced in RBL-2H3 cell-line, while RBL-1 cell-line did the reverse. RBL-2H3 cell mediator release assay proved to be sensitive. Sensitized cells could be induced a maximal degranulation at a concentration of 10~100 ng/mL of allergens. This assay was also quite specific. Cells sensitized with sera from mouse with anti-OVA IgE did not degranulate following exposure to Gly. Furthermore, this assay had the ability to differentiate potential allergenicity of Gly, OVA and PAP. These functional data were found to be in line with the results of systemic anaphylaxis and demonstrated the ability of a protein to induce IgE-mediated allergic reactions. In conclusion, the RBL-2H3 cells, but not RBL-1 cells, is suitable for evaluating biological activity of different food allergens and form the basis of a useful model system for evaluating potential allergenicity of novel proteins.