Abstract The H5 subtype Avian influenza virus (AIV) has been stably established in nature and gains high pathogenicity to its natural hosts through continual evolution, variation and adaptation. Its prevalence not only causes serious harm for the poultry industry, but also has potential threat to human public health security. To better understand the biological property of H5N3 AIV, phylogenetic analysis, mouse (Mus musculus) infection experiment and receptor binding assay were conducted for a low pathogenic H5N3 AIV strain A/Duck/Jiangsu/S1665/2015 which was isolated from Jiangsu province in 2015. The phylogenetic analysis showed that its eight gene segments (hemagglutinin (HA), neuraminidase (NA), polymerase basic protein 1 (PB1), PB2, polymerase acid protein (PA), nucleoprotein (NP), matrix protein (M) and non-structural protein (NS)) were derived from different ancestors and demonstrated obvious genetic diversity in there origin. The result of mice infection experiment showed that this virus could efficiently replicate in the nasal turbinates and lungs of infected mice without preadaptation. It caused only slight weight loss, and thereby it was low pathogenic to mice. Receptor binding assay showed that the virus could bind both α-2,3-linked sialic acid (SA) (avian type receptor) and α-2,6-linked SA (human type receptor). In conclusion, the present study systematically analyzed the biological properties of A/Duck/Jiangsu/S1665/2015 virus. The findings indicated that the H5N3 AIV could potentially infect mammalian hosts, which provides important data for the prevention and control of H5N3 subtype AIVs.
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