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| Protective Effects of Quercetin on Carbon Tetrachloride-induced Hepatocyte Damage in Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio) Cells |
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Abstract Liver is one of the most important organ for aquatic animals, which plays a pivotal role in regulating various physiological processes, such as metabolism, conversion, detoxification, secretion and storage. The diversity of function makes the liver more vulnerable to the destruction of the exogenous substances. Quercetin (QC), a kind of flavonoids, derived from many plants, has diverse pharmacological effects including immune regulation, antioxidant, antitumor, hypoglycemic effects, reduction of blood fat, and so on. Although numerous studies about the healthy aspects of QC on humans and mammals have been reported, there is a lack report about its healthy effects on aquatic animals. This study was to explore the protective effect of quercetin on CCl4-induced liver injury in common carp (Cyprinus carpio). In this study, 1,1-dipheny l-2-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH) was applied to evaluate the radical scavenging capacity of QC. The hepatocytes were treated with different concentrations of QC before (pre-treatment), after (post-treatment) and both before and after (pre- and post-treatment) incubation with 8 mmol/L CCl4. Then the activities of glutamatepyruvate transaminase (GPT), aspartate transaminase (GOT), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and superoxide dismutase (SOD), as well as the release amount of malondialdehyde (MDA) in the supernatant were measured and the hepatocytes viability were assayed by MTT. The mRNA expression levels of cytochrome enzymes P450 1A (CYP1A), 3A (CYP3A), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) were detected by Real-time quantitative PCR (qRT-PCR). Also, the relative content of nuclear transcription factors-κB (NF-κB c-Rel and p65) were detected by Western blot. The results showed that QC can scavenge the radicals effectively even at low concentration. QC markedly inhibited the level of GOT, GPT and LDH, indicating that QC had a positive effect on the protection of cytoplasm enzyme from leaking. QC significantly decreased MDA and elevated SOD, suggesting that QC could alleviate the lipid peroxidation and improve the antioxidant capacity.QC positively inhibited the expression levels of CYP1A and CYP3A. Thus, we deduced that QC could intervene the CYP450 enzymes to reduce the metabolism injury. Furthermore, QC significantly inhibited the activities of c-Rel and p65, the mechanism might be that QC suppressed free radicals to alleviate the inflammatory response. Administration of QC in the pre-treatment group showed the best effect on the inhibition of CCl4-induced liver injury, followed by the pre- and post-treatment group, post-treatment group of somewhat less. Each group with QC at the concentration of 0.1 and 0.2 mg/mL showed signifficant effect on the protection of damaged cells. The findings presented that QC can protect the hepatocytes from the chemical damage and positively inhibited the mRNA expression of CYP1A and CYP3A, and immune inflammatory response.
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Received: 28 September 2014
Published: 02 February 2015
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