Abstract：Asymmetric cell division and nonrandom sister chromatid segregation are the hotspot in the field of life science. Asymmetric cell division includes morphological asymmetric division and functional asymmetrical division. Asymmetric cell division is very important for sustainable life and organizational integrity. In recent years, in the field of germ cell and stem cell research, studies on the phenomenon of asymmetric cell division made some new progress, these developments will be helpful to understanding and knowing the formation of asymmetric cell division and its regulation mechanisms. Mammalian oocytes maturation asymmetrical division (form a larger volume of eggs and small volume of polar body) is a representative of the morphology of equal division; stem cells proliferation induced by tissue injure is functional representatives of asymmetrical divisions, a process that although two offspring produced by cells form approximation, but have different fate and function, one stay in micro environment to maintain the original stem cell properties, and the other is to differentiate into functional cells to replace damaged cells function. Asymmetric cell division is rooted in nonrandom sister chromatid segregation (optional). The testis tissue of Drosophila melanogaster can be microscopic observation in vivo in vitro of spermatogonial stem cells and in the asymmetric division and sister chromosome separation can be real-time observation. In recent years, asymmetric cell division and sister chromosome separation results mainly from fruit flies. According to the reports of nonrandom sister chromatid segregation of Drosophila melanogaster spermatogonial stem cells in recent years, the review will explain the hypothesis and mechanisms of asymmetric cell division, and try to assume the future development of the field. It can provide some ideas for the future development of the field.
Aravin, A.A., Naumova, N.M., Tulin, A.V., Vagin, V.V., Rozovsky, Y.M., and Gvozdev, V.A. (2001). Double-stranded RNA-mediated silencing of genomic tandem repeats and transposable elements in the D. melanogaster germline. Current biology : CB 11, 1017-1027.Cairns, J. (1975). Mutation selection and the natural history of cancer. Nature 255, 197-200.Charville, G.W., and Rando, T.A. (2013). The mortal strand hypothesis: non-random chromosome inheritance and the biased segregation of damaged DNA. Seminars in cell & developmental biology 24, 653-660.Fitzsimons, C.P., van Bodegraven, E., Schouten, M., Lardenoije, R., Kompotis, K., Kenis, G., van den Hurk, M., Boks, M.P., Biojone, C., Joca, S., et al. (2014). Epigenetic regulation of adult neural stem cells: implications for Alzheimer's disease. Mol Neurodegener 9, 25.Fuller, M.T., and Spradling, A.C. (2007). Male and female Drosophila germline stem cells: two versions of immortality. Science (New York, NY) 316, 402-404.Hartsuiker, E. (1998). The Role of Topoisomerase II in Meiotic Chromosome Condensation and Segregation in Schizosaccharomyces pombe.Januschke, J., and Nathke, I. (2014). Stem cell decisions: a twist of fate or a niche market? Seminars in cell & developmental biology 34, 116-123.Lark, K.G. (2012). Discovering non-random segregation of sister chromatids: the naive treatment of a premature discovery. Frontiers in oncology 2, 211.Lark, K.G., Consigli, R.A., and Minocha, H.C. (1966). Segregation of sister chromatids in mammalian cells. Science (New York, NY) 154, 1202-1205.Lim, D.A., and Alvarez-Buylla, A. (2014). Adult neural stem cells stake their ground. Trends in neurosciences 37, 563-571.Razafsky, D., and Hodzic, D. (2009). Bringing KASH under the SUN: the many faces of nucleo-cytoskeletal connections. The Journal of cell biology 186, 461-472.Roeder, I., and Lorenz, R. (2006). Asymmetry of stem cell fate and the potential impact of the niche: observations, simulations, and interpretations. Stem Cell Rev 2, 171-180.Tomasetti, C., and Bozic, I. (2015). The (not so) immortal strand hypothesis. Stem cell research 14, 238-241.Tran, V., Feng, L., and Chen, X. (2013). Asymmetric distribution of histones during Drosophila male germline stem cell asymmetric divisions. Chromosome research : an international journal on the molecular, supramolecular and evolutionary aspects of chromosome biology 21, 255-269.Tulin, A.V., Kogan, G.L., Filipp, D., Balakireva, M.D., and Gvozdev, V.A. (1997). Heterochromatic Stellate gene cluster in Drosophila melanogaster: structure and molecular evolution. Genetics 146, 253-262.Wakayama, T., Hayashi, Y., and Ogura, A. (1997). Participation of the female pronucleus derived from the second polar body in full embryonic development of mice. J Reprod Fertil 110, 263-266.Wakayama, T., and Yanagimachi, R. (1998). The first polar body can be used for the production of normal offspring in mice. Biol Reprod 59, 100-104.Wang, T., Sha, H., Ji, D., Zhang, H.L., Chen, D., Cao, Y., and Zhu, J. (2014). Polar body genome transfer for preventing the transmission of inherited mitochondrial diseases. Cell 157, 1591-1604.Wei, Y., Zhang, T., Wang, Y.P., Schatten, H., and Sun, Q.Y. (2015). Polar bodies in assisted reproductive technology: current progress and future perspectives. Biol Reprod 92, 19.Xie, J., Wooten, M., Tran, V., Chen, B.C., Pozmanter, C., Simbolon, C., Betzig, E., and Chen, X. (2015). Histone H3 Threonine Phosphorylation Regulates Asymmetric Histone Inheritance in the Drosophila Male Germline. Cell 163, 920-933.Yadlapalli, S., and Yamashita, Y.M. (2013). Chromosome-specific nonrandom sister chromatid segregation during stem-cell division. Nature 498, 251-254.Yamashita, Y.M. (2013). Nonrandom sister chromatid segregation of sex chromosomes in Drosophila male germline stem cells. Chromosome research : an international journal on the molecular, supramolecular and evolutionary aspects of chromosome biology 21, 243-254.Yennek, S., Burute, M., Thery, M., and Tajbakhsh, S. (2014). Cell adhesion geometry regulates non-random DNA segregation and asymmetric cell fates in mouse skeletal muscle stem cells. Cell Rep 7, 961-970.钱伶凌, 陈晓萍, and 顾娟 (2010). 干细胞不对称分裂模式与肿瘤发生. 生物技术通讯 21, 266-269.Qian Lingling,Chen Xiaoping,Gu Juan(2010). Advance in Asymmetric Divisions of Stem Cells and Tumorigenesis. Letters in Biotechnology 21, 266-269..王晓芳, 姜云瀚, and 沈关心 (2012). B细胞不对称分裂. 医学分子生物学杂志 09, 212-215.Wang Xiaofang,Qiang Yunhan and Shen Guanxin(2012).Asymmetric B Cell Division.Journal of Medical Molecular Biology 09, 212-215.张丰, 李青,洪柳等(2005). DNA永生化链和肿瘤干细胞关系的初步研究. 第四军医大学学报 26, 1209-1212.Zhang Feng,Li Qing,Hong Liu,et al(2005). Preliminary study on relationship between DNA immortal strands and tumor stem cells. Journal of the Fourth Military Medical University 26, 1209-1212.
