Abstract：SDA1 mutant of wheat (Triticum aestivum) which is incomplete development in spike, narrow development in leaves and dwarf development, is controlled by a recessive pleiotropic single gene Triticum aestivum spike development atrophy 1 (TaSDA1) and it is discovered in the experiment field, belonging to natural mutation. To further research the mutation mechanism of TaSDA1 gene, the present study investigated some major agronomic traits, such as the heading time, flag leaf width and length, the number and length of the spike, dissecting the differences of flag leaves expressed-protein through two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE) between SDA1 and wild-type during the heading time, and performed the qRT-PCR verification of the differentially expressed proteins. According to the t test, there were significant differences of the flag leaves' width and length between SDA1 and wild-type. Also the total height of the SDA1 was much lower than that of the wild-type. SDA1 was later in heading than the wild-type. Twenty-seven differentially expressed protein spots were selected by PDQuest (version 8.0.1) image software, among which 23 protein spots were successfully identified. The Mascot software was used to search against the NCBInr database and Uniprot database for protein annotation. Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis were performed to explore further biological functions of the 2-DE proteins. Among these differentially expressed proteins in SDA1, SSP7101, SSP7110, SSP7112 and SSP8418, related to the Rubisco holoenzyme composition, which were the key enzymes of the Rubisco holoenzyme in photosynthesis, were down-regulated and one of the Rubisco holoenzyme (SSP213) composition showed deficiency. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase A (GAPA, SSP8000), one of the important proteins of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPD), was down-regulated. Peroxiredoxin (Prx, SSP7320), which was important to the oxidation resistance, also showed down-expressed in SDA1. One RNA-binding protein (SSP1309) was down-regulated in SDA1, leading to the down-regulation of 2 translation elongation factors (eEF-Tu, SSP4614 and SSP4802), and finally made the protein biosynthesis blocked. Some of 23 proteins, participating in the adversity stress response, were down-regulated (SSP3738, SSP5209) and showed defiency (SSP3719) in SDA1. qRT-PCR was used to validate ribulose-1,5-bisphosphatecarboxylase/oxygenase large subunit (chloroplast) (SSP7101), chloroplast-localized PtrToxA-binding protein1 (SSP7303), translation elongation factor G(SSP4614) and triosephosphate isomerase (SSP5209) genes expression at the transcriptional level, which were consistent with the protein expressed amounts detected by 2-DE. The mutation phenotype of SDA1, might be related to the flag leaves' differentially-expressed proteins in the decline of the photosynthetic capacity, disorder of the energy metabolism, the decline of oxygen stress resistance and coercive capabilities, process of mRNA editing and the blocked protein biosynthesis. The development of spike and leaves is of great importance to the grain yield of wheat, thus a better understanding of TaSDA1 gene will lay foundation to the theory of genetic improvement of spike and leaf development.
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