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2025年8月30日 星期六
  2012, Vol. 20 Issue (12): 1463-1474    
  评述与展望 本期目录 | 过刊浏览 | 高级检索 |
脊椎动物性别决定基因与性染色体演化机制
邵长伟1,陈松林2
1. 中国水产科学研究院黄海水产研究所
2. 中国水产科学研究院黄海水产研究
Sex-determining Genes and Its Association with Mechanism of Sex Chromosome Evolution in Vertebrate
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摘要 性别决定是一个可塑的生物发育过程,一直以来都是进化生物学和发育生物学的研究热点。在脊椎动物中,性别决定的机制主要包括遗传性别决定(GSD)和环境性别决定(ESD)。GSD一般都是由位于性染色体上的决定基因启动一系列性别相关基因参与的级联信号通路,从而诱导原始生殖性腺发育成精巢(卵巢)的过程。尽管性别调控信号通路下游的基因在脊椎动物中是相对保守的,但是处于级联信号通路最上游的性别决定基因可能是不稳定的。截止目前,在脊椎动物中,已经发现了5个性别决定基因(SRY、DMRT1、DMY、DMW和AMHY)。本文综述了脊椎动物性别决定基因的研究进展,分析了高等脊椎动物和低等脊椎动物性别决定基因保守性的差异,推测这种差异可能是由于性染色体是否分化造成的,进而提出性别决定基因和性染色体演化关系的模型。
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邵长伟
陈松林
关键词 脊椎动物性别决定遗传性别决定性别决定基因性染色体进化    
Abstract:Sex determination is a plastic biological developmental process, which has always the intriguing aspect in evolutionary biology and developmental biology. In vertebrates, the sex determination including genetic sex determination (GSD) and environmental sex determination (ESD) acts to differentiate an initially bipotential gonad primordium into either testes or ovaries. GSD is governed by a series of sex-related genes involving in genetic pathway that initiate by sex-determining gene during critical periods of gonadal development. Though many downstream genes in sex determination pathways are conserved, even among vertebrates and invertebrates, the upstream sex determination gene can vary even between closely related species. Up to now, five sex-determining genes (SRY, DMRT1, DMY, DMW and AMHY) had been identified in vertebrates. This paper reviews the recent progress of sex-determining genes in vertebrate and analysis of the differences on the conservation of sex-determining genes between the higher vertebrates and lower vertebrates. We found that the sex-determining genes (SRY and DMRT1) are conserved in therian and aves, respectively, comparing to the sex-determining genes DMW, DMY and AMHY, which are unstable in their respective taxonomic systems. Correspondingly, the sex chromosomes in higher vertebrate attained high differentiation during their evolution, whereas no obvious (or even no) differentiation was observed in the sex chromosome of most extant lower vertebrates. Generally, the appearance of sex-determining gene in certain organism was always accompanied with the evolution of their sex chromosomes, which was defined by coevolution. We thus concluded that the difference of conservation on sex-determining genes between higher vertebrates and lower vertebrates may be caused by the sex chromosome differentiation or not. Following these conclusions, we then put forward two models on the relationship between sex-determining gene and sex chromosome evolution. One is the model of differentiation on sex chromosome that developed through diversification of one region of the progenitor chromosomes. In this model, transposons and repetitive elements were accumulated around a sex-determining gene and its homolog evolved into a pseudo-gene because the recombination was ceased in the sex-determining region. We thus expect a dosage dependent sex-determining gene in homogametic sex or a heteromorphic chromosome-linked (usually Y and W) determining gene in heterogametic sex such as DMRT1 in chicken and SRY in human, respectively. The other model is undifferentiation of sex chromosome where sex-determining gene derived from a duplicated region from elsewhere in the genome that was inserted on it. The large region of sex chromosomes in such case can still recombine, though the duplicated region could accumulate few repetitive elements. In this case, the sex-determining genes would reside on the heterogametic chromosome (usually Y and W) such as DMY, DMW and AMHY. In all, sex determination is a complex biological process; these two models cannot represent the types of sex determination in all species, but above models proposed would make for the isolation of new sex-determining gene.
Key wordsVertebrates    Sex determination    Genetic sex determination(GSD)    Sex-determining gene    Sex chromosome evolution
收稿日期: 2012-08-13      出版日期: 2018-11-26
基金资助:半滑舌鳎性别决定基因筛选和功能分析及性别决定机制研究;半滑舌鳎雄性化关键基因的筛选和功能分析
通讯作者: 陈松林     E-mail: chensl@ysfri.ac.cn;wangna@ysfri.ac.cn
引用本文:   
邵长伟 陈松林. 脊椎动物性别决定基因与性染色体演化机制[J]. , 2012, 20(12): 1463-1474.
链接本文:  
http://journal05.magtech.org.cn/Jwk_ny/CN/     或     http://journal05.magtech.org.cn/Jwk_ny/CN/Y2012/V20/I12/1463
 
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