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Abstract Food allergy has been regarded as an emergent problem of public health. And walnut allergy is one of the most severe food allergies, its prevalence has risen during past decades. As favors food and important food raw material, walnut (Juglans sp.) contains some allergens, which constitute a risk for sensitized individuals, and become an issue of allergen management. Due to the prevalence and severity of walnut allergy, this review intends to provide the up-to-date information about the molecular characterization of walnut allergens, as well as the detection methods of walnut allergens in foods or foodstuffs. At present, the most popular walnut varieties are Juglans regia and J. nigra, and there are many known allergens in both species, Jug r 1, Jug r 2, Jug r 3, Jug r 4 and Jug r 5 in J. regia; Jug n 1 and Jug n 2 in J. nigra. According to their biochemical and immunological characteristics, they are classified into 2 protein superfamilies, the Prolamin superfamily, Jug r 1, Jug n 1 and Jug r 3, and the Cupin superfamily, Jug r 2, Jug n 2 and Jug r 4. The Prolamin superfamily are further divided into 3 classes: 2S albumin, nonspecific lipid transfer protein (nsLTP) and α-amylase/trypsin inhibitor, Jug r 1 and Jug n 1 belong to 2S albumin family, and Jug r 3 belongs to nsLTP. The Cupin superfamily are further divided into 2 classes according to different sedimentation coefficient, 7S globulin and 11s globulin, Jug r 2 and Jug n 2 belong to 7S globulin, Jug r 4 belongs to 11S globulin. Besides, Jug r 5 belongs to the profilins family, a kind of small class of cytosol proteins, which can bind actin, but it is also very little known. In addition, according to the difference in stability, food allergens can be divided into 2 classes, classⅠand class Ⅱ. Food allergens in class Ⅰ are usually with high stability; and food allergens in class Ⅱ is more sensitive to heat or protease treatment, less stable. To date, the vast majority of walnuts allergens belong to classⅠ, except Jug r 5, which belongs to class Ⅱ. Besides, different methods used for the detection of walnuts allergens were also summarized. On the basis of the principle of detection methods, walnut allergens detection techniques are divided into 2 classes, protein-based and DNA-based detection methods. Protein-based detection methods includes protein electrophoresis, immunology methods and mass spectrometry, so far, immunoassay methods are main analysis methods in the detection of walnut allergens. DNA-based detection methods is not completely in view of the allergen proteins, but in view of specific coding sequence of target species, including traditional PCR and RT-PCR, and in recent years, DNA-based detection methods have been widely applied in walnut allergens detection. In general, this paper summarized the physical, chemical and immune properties of different walnut allergens and related detection methods, this may help us understand the nature of walnut allergens better, design more accurate and reasonable detection methods, and this may be very helpful to ensure the safety of walnut allergic patients.
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Received: 18 May 2016
Published: 07 November 2016
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| Fund:Project of the National Natural Science Foundation of China |
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Corresponding Authors:
Hui-Lian CHE
E-mail: chehuilian@cau.edu.cn
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